Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, Kivipelto M, Lawler E, Kazis LE, et al. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ. 2010;340(340):b5465.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Singh B, Sharma B, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Attenuating effect of lisinopril and telmisartan in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced experimental dementia of Alzheimer's disease type: possible involvement of PPAR-gamma agonistic property. J Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst. 2013;14(2):124–36.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolozin B, Wang SW, Li NC, Lee A, Lee TA, Kazis LE. Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson's disease. BMC Med. 2007;5(20):20.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sierra S, Ramos MC, Molina P, Esteo C, Vazquez JA, Burgos JS. Statins as neuroprotectants: a comparative in vitro study of lipophilicity, blood-brain-barrier penetration, lowering of brain cholesterol, and decrease of neuron cell death. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;23(2):307–18.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rosenberg PB, Mielke MM, Tschanz J, Cook L, Corcoran C, Hayden KM, et al. Effects of cardiovascular medications on rate of functional decline in Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16(11):883–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li J, Deng J, Sheng W, Zuo Z. Metformin attenuates Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathology in obese, leptin-resistant mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;101(4):564–74.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Farr SA, Roesler E, Niehoff ML, Roby DA, McKee A, Morley JE. Metformin improves learning and memory in the SAMP8 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;68(4):1699–710.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Terrio H, Brenner LA, Ivins BJ, Cho JM, Helmick K, Schwab K, et al. Traumatic brain injury screening: preliminary findings in a US Army brigade combat team. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2009;24(1):14–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mac Donald CL, Adam OR, Johnson AM, Nelson EC, Werner NJ, Rivet DJ, et al. Acute post-traumatic stress symptoms and age predict outcome in military blast concussion. Brain. 2015;138(5):1314–26.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schneiderman AI, Braver ER, Kang HK. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(12):1446–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jorge RE, Arciniegas DB. Mood disorders after TBI. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2014;37(1):13–29.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mathias JL, Alvaro PK. Prevalence of sleep disturbances, disorders, and problems following traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2012;13(7):898–905.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fleminger S, Oliver DL, Lovestone S, Rabe-Hesketh S, Giora A. Head injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: the evidence 10 years on; a partial replication. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(7):857–62.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gardner RC, Byers AL, Barnes DE, Li Y, Boscardin J, Yaffe K. Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease: a chronic effects of neurotrauma consortium study. Neurology. 2018;90(20):e1771–e9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnes DE, Kaup A, Kirby KA, Byers AL, Diaz-Arrastia R, Yaffe K. Traumatic brain injury and risk of dementia in older veterans. Neurology. 2014;83(4):312–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wang HK, Lin SH, Sung PS, Wu MH, Hung KW, Wang LC, et al. Population based study on patients with traumatic brain injury suggests increased risk of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(11):1080–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Graves AB, White E, Koepsell TD, Reifler BV, van Belle G, Larson EB, et al. The association between head trauma and Alzheimer's disease. Am J Epidemiol. 1990;131(3):491–501.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mortimer JA, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, Fratiglioni L, Graves AB, Heyman A, et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. Int J Epidemiol. 1991;20(Suppl 2):S28–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach SH, Volicer L, Chui H, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000;54(6):1316–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lee YK, Hou SW, Lee CC, Hsu CY, Huang YS, Su YC. Increased risk of dementia in patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62422.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morris JC, Weintraub S, Chui HC, Cummings J, Decarli C, Ferris S, et al. The uniform data set (UDS): clinical and cognitive variables and descriptive data from Alzheimer disease centers. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006;20(4):210–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Beekly DL, Ramos EM, van Belle G, Deitrich W, Clark AD, Jacka ME, et al. The National Alzheimer’s coordinating center (NACC) database: an Alzheimer disease database. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18(4):270–7.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mendez MF, Paholpak P, Lin A, Zhang JY, Teng E. Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in early versus late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;47(4):985–93.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Julien J, Joubert S, Ferland MC, Frenette LC, Boudreau-Duhaime MM, Malo-Veronneau L, et al. Association of traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer disease onset: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2017;60(5):347–56.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yoshiyama Y, Uryu K, Higuchi M, Longhi L, Hoover R, Fujimoto S, et al. Enhanced neurofibrillary tangle formation, cerebral atrophy, and cognitive deficits induced by repetitive mild brain injury in a transgenic tauopathy mouse model. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22(10):1134–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goldstein LE, Fisher AM, Tagge CA, Zhang X-L, Velisek L, Sullivan JA, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(134):134ra60.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huber BR, Meabon JS, Martin TJ, Mourad PD, Bennett R, Kraemer BC, et al. Blast exposure causes early and persistent aberrant phospho- and cleaved-tau expression in a murine model of mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;37(2):309–23.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tagge CA, Fisher AM, Minaeva OV, Gaudreau-Balderrama A, Moncaster JA, Zhang XL, et al. Concussion, microvascular injury, and early tauopathy in young athletes after impact head injury and an impact concussion mouse model. Brain. 2018;141(2):422–58.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zanier ER, Bertani I, Sammali E, Pischiutta F, Chiaravalloti MA, Vegliante G, et al. Induction of a transmissible tau pathology by traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2018;141(9):2685–99.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chen M, Song H, Cui J, Johnson CE, Hubler GK, DePalma RG, et al. Proteomic profiling of mouse brains exposed to blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury reveals changes in axonal proteins and phosphorylated tau. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;66(2):751–73.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goodrich JA, Kim JH, Situ R, Taylor W, Westmoreland T, Du F, et al. Neuronal and glial changes in the brain resulting from explosive blast in an experimental model. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2016;4(1):124.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mouzon B, Bachmeier C, Ojo J, Acker C, Ferguson S, Crynen G, et al. Chronic white matter degeneration, but no tau pathology at one-year post-repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in a tau transgenic model. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(4):576–88.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kondo A, Shahpasand K, Mannix R, Qiu J, Moncaster J, Chen CH, et al. Antibody against early driver of neurodegeneration cis P-tau blocks brain injury and tauopathy. Nature. 2015;523(7561):431–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Albayram O, Kondo A, Mannix R, Smith C, Tsai CY, Li C, et al. Cis P-tau is induced in clinical and preclinical brain injury and contributes to post-injury sequelae. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):1000.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Boyle PA, Wilson RS, Yu L, Barr AM, Honer WG, Schneider JA, et al. Much of late life cognitive decline is not due to common neurodegenerative pathologies. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(3):478–89.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rabinovici GD, Carrillo MC, Forman M, DeSanti S, Miller DS, Kozauer N, et al. Multiple comorbid neuropathologies in the setting of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology and implications for drug development. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2017;3(1):83–91.
Google Scholar
Alexopoulos P, Roesler J, Werle L, Thierjung N, Lentzari I, Ortner M, et al. Fluid biomarker agreement and interrelation in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(2):193–201.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Gavett BE, Cantu RC, Shenton M, Lin AP, Nowinski CJ, McKee AC, et al. Clinical appraisal of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: current perspectives and future directions. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24(6):525–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson VE, Stewart W, Smith DH. Widespread tau and amyloid-beta pathology many years after a single traumatic brain injury in humans. Brain Pathol. 2012;22(2):142–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Crane PK, Gibbons LE, Dams-O'Connor K, Trittschuh E, Leverenz JB, Keene CD, et al. Association of traumatic brain injury with late-life neurodegenerative conditions and neuropathologic findings. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(9):1062–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sonnen JA, Larson EB, Haneuse S, Woltjer R, Li G, Crane PK, et al. Neuropathology in the adult changes in thought study: a review. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(3):703–11.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
SantaCruz KS, Sonnen JA, Pezhouh MK, Desrosiers MF, Nelson PT, Tyas SL. Alzheimer disease pathology in subjects without dementia in 2 studies of aging: the Nun study and the adult changes in thought study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2011;70(10):832–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Arvanitakis Z, Wilson RS. Overview and findings from the religious orders study. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012;9(6):628–45.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Buchman AS, Barnes LL, Boyle PA, Wilson RS. Overview and findings from the rush memory and aging project. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2012;9(6):646–63.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sugarman MA, McKee AC, Stein TD, Tripodis Y, Besser LM, Martin B, et al. Failure to detect an association between self-reported traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(5):686–98.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cox D. Regression models and life tables. Breakthroughs Stat. 1972;34:187–220.
Google Scholar
Helzner EP, Scarmeas N, Cosentino S, Tang MX, Schupf N, Stern Y. Survival in Alzheimer disease: a multiethnic, population-based study of incident cases. Neurology. 2008;71(19):1489–95.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burke SL, Cadet T, Alcide A, O'Driscoll J, Maramaldi P. Psychosocial risk factors and Alzheimer’s disease: the associative effect of depression, sleep disturbance, and anxiety. Aging Ment Health. 2017;27:1–8.
Google Scholar
Walker SH, Duncan DB. Estimation of the probability of an event as a function of several independent variables. Biometrika. 1967;54(1):167–79.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Korn EL, Graubard BI, Midthune D. Time-to-event analysis of longitudinal follow-up of a survey: choice of the time-scale. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145(1):72–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaplan ELPM. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 2012;53(282):457–81.
Article
Google Scholar
Rosenbaum PR. Donald. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70(11):41–55.
Article
Google Scholar
Jellinger KA, Paulus W, Wrocklage C, Litvan I. Effects of closed traumatic brain injury and genetic factors on the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2001;8(6):707–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Dams-O’Connor K, Guetta G, Hahn-Ketter AE, Fedor A. Traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: current knowledge and future directions. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2016;6(5):417–29.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weinstein G, Davis-Plourde KL, Conner S, Himali JJ, Beiser AS, Lee A, et al. Association of metformin, sulfonylurea and insulin use with brain structure and function and risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: pooled analysis from 5 cohorts. PLoS One. 2019;14(2):e0212293.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):263–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270–9.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Dunn B, Haeberlein SB, et al. NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(4):535–62.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Barnes NM, Cheng CH, Costall B, Naylor RJ, Williams TJ, Wischik CM. Angiotensin converting enzyme density is increased in temporal cortex from patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol. 1991;200(2–3):289–92.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miners JS, Ashby E, Van Helmond Z, Chalmers KA, Palmer LE, Love S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels and activity in Alzheimer’s disease, and relationship of perivascular ACE-1 to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2008;34(2):181–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miners S, Ashby E, Baig S, Harrison R, Tayler H, Speedy E, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme levels and activity in Alzheimer’s disease: differences in brain and CSF ACE and association with ACE1 genotypes. Am J Transl Res. 2009;1(2):163–77.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Khachaturian AS, Zandi PP, Lyketsos CG, Hayden KM, Skoog I, Norton MC, et al. Antihypertensive medication use and incident Alzheimer disease: the Cache County study. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(5):686–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolozin B, Kellman W, Ruosseau P, Celesia GG, Siegel G. Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(10):1439–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simons M, Keller P, De Strooper B, Beyreuther K, Dotti CG, Simons K. Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(11):6460–4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Refolo LM, Pappolla MA, LaFrancois J, Malester B, Schmidt SD, Thomas-Bryant T, et al. A cholesterol-lowering drug reduces beta-amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2001;8(5):890–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fassbender K, Simons M, Bergmann C, Stroick M, Lutjohann D, Keller P, et al. Simvastatin strongly reduces levels of Alzheimer’s disease beta -amyloid peptides Abeta 42 and Abeta 40 in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(10):5856–61.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stern Y. Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(11):1006–12.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hampel H, O'Bryant SE, Castrillo JI, Ritchie C, Rojkova K, Broich K, et al. PRECISION MEDICINE - the golden gate for detection, treatment and prevention of Alzheimer's disease. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2016;3(4):243–59.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chantrill LA, Nagrial AM, Watson C, Johns AL, Martyn-Smith M, Simpson S, et al. Precision medicine for advanced pancreas cancer: the individualized molecular pancreatic cancer therapy (IMPaCT) trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(9):2029–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scheen AJ. Precision medicine: the future in diabetes care? Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;117:12–21.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar