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Table 4 Association of combined medications with the development of dementia with possible AD after TBI occurrence

From: Beneficial association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins on the occurrence of possible Alzheimer’s disease after traumatic brain injury

A. Reference group = no medication

 

p values

Hazard ratio

95% confidence interval

Age

< .0001

1.11

1.09

1.13

Sex

0.42

0.72

0.33

1.58

African American

0.40

0.78

0.44

1.38

Hispanic

0.01

1.93

1.19

3.12

Other

0.68

1.24

0.45

3.38

ACEI + beta

0.14

0.63

0.34

1.17

ACEI + statin

0.01

0.44

0.23

0.85

ACEI + metformin

0.04

0.21

0.05

0.90

Beta blocker + statin

0.11

0.63

0.35

1.11

Beta blocker + metformin

0.23

0.47

0.14

1.60

Statin + metformin

0.45

1.32

0.65

2.70

Medication duration

0.07

1.00

1.00

1.00

Sleep

0.55

0.83

0.46

1.52

Thyroid

0.23

0.62

0.28

1.37

Cardiac dysrhythmia

< .0001

2.18

1.31

3.63

Cancer

0.55

0.84

0.49

1.47

Congestive heart failure

0.38

0.62

0.22

1.78

Coronary artery disease

0.34

0.76

0.43

1.34

Diabetes

0.62

0.87

0.51

1.50

Hyperlipidemia

0.16

1.31

0.90

1.90

Hypertension

0.09

1.40

0.95

2.06

Kidney

0.15

0.24

0.03

1.70

Liver

0.45

0.56

0.13

2.47

Lung

0.86

1.04

0.69

1.57

Peripheral artery disease

0.61

1.18

0.62

2.24

Stroke

0.97

0.99

0.55

1.77

Alcohol

0.38

1.24

0.77

2.01

Anxiety

0.32

1.25

0.81

1.94

Bipolar

0.59

1.20

0.63

2.28

PTSD

0.11

0.63

0.36

1.11

Schizophrenia

0.50

1.27

0.63

2.55

Depression

0.78

1.06

0.72

1.57

Drug substance

0.07

0.48

0.21

1.08

Number of TBI occurrence

< .0001

1.04

1.02

1.07

B. Reference group = no medication or statin + metformin

 

No med as the reference

Statin + metformin as the reference

Medication

p value

HR

95% CI

p value

HR

95% CI

ACEI + beta blocker

0.14

0.63

0.34

1.17

0.16

0.54

0.23

1.27

ACEI + statin

0.01

0.44

0.23

0.85

0.02

0.35

0.15

0.82

ACEI + metformin

0.04

0.21

0.05

0.90

0.03

0.18

0.04

0.87

Beta blocker + statin

0.11

0.63

0.35

1.11

0.09

0.49

0.22

1.11

Beta blocker + metformin

0.23

0.47

0.14

1.60

0.24

0.45

0.12

1.69

Statin + metformin

0.45

1.32

0.65

2.70

    
  1. Note: Models adjusted by demographic variables and comorbidities