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Table 3 Association of single medication with the development of dementia with possible AD after TBI occurrence

From: Beneficial association of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and statins on the occurrence of possible Alzheimer’s disease after traumatic brain injury

A. Cox regression model (reference group = no medication)

 

p values

Hazard ratio

95% confidence interval

Age

< .0001

1.11

1.10

1.13

Sex

0.64

1.13

0.67

1.93

African American

0.28

0.79

0.51

1.22

Hispanic

< .0001

1.85

1.31

2.61

Other

0.97

0.99

0.43

2.24

ACEI

0.01

0.57

0.37

0.87

Beta blocker

< .0001

0.36

0.23

0.57

Metformin

0.12

0.68

0.41

1.11

Statins

0.07

0.70

0.48

1.03

Medication Duration

0.72

1.00

1.00

1.00

Sleep disorder

0.58

0.88

0.56

1.39

Thyroid

0.90

0.97

0.62

1.53

Cardiac Dysrhythmia

0.07

1.39

0.97

2.00

Cancer

0.04

0.60

0.37

0.97

Congestive heart failure

0.03

0.50

0.26

0.94

Coronary artery disease

0.89

0.98

0.70

1.37

Diabetes

0.11

1.32

0.94

1.85

Hyperlipidemia

0.05

1.36

1.00

1.86

Hypertension

0.99

1.00

0.73

1.37

Kidney

0.09

0.52

0.24

1.12

Liver

0.47

1.33

0.61

2.91

Lung

0.53

0.91

0.67

1.23

Peripheral Artery Disease

0.35

0.81

0.51

1.27

Stroke

0.85

0.96

0.65

1.42

Alcohol

0.93

0.98

0.67

1.44

Anxiety

0.20

1.24

0.89

1.71

Bipolar

0.79

1.06

0.68

1.65

PTSD

0.44

0.87

0.60

1.25

Schizophrenia

0.80

1.08

0.60

1.94

Depression

0.01

1.46

1.09

1.97

Drug substance

0.77

0.93

0.56

1.53

Number of TBI occurrence

< .0001

1.03

1.01

1.06

B. Multivariable Cox regression model (reference group = no medication or statin)

 

No med as the reference

Statin as the reference

Medication

p value

HR

95%CI

p value

HR

95%CI

ACEI

0.01

0.57

0.37

0.87

0.44

0.85

0.56

1.29

Beta blocker

< .0001

0.36

0.23

0.57

0.01

0.56

0.36

0.88

Metformin

0.12

0.68

0.41

1.11

0.92

1.02

0.63

1.68

Statins

0.07

0.70

0.48

1.03

  1. Note: Models adjusted by demographic variables and comorbidities