Articles

A cross-sectional study in healthy elderly subjects aimed at development of an algorithm to increase identification of Alzheimer pathology for the purpose of clinical trial participation

In the current study, we aimed to develop an algorithm based on biomarkers obtained through non- or minimally invasive procedures to identify healthy elderly subjects who have an increased risk of abnormal cer...

Authors: Samantha Prins, Ahnjili Zhuparris, Ellen P. Hart, Robert-Jan Doll and Geert Jan Groeneveld

Efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease and for behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in older patients with moderate and severe functional impairments: a systematic review of controlled trials

Many patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are physically frail or have substantial functional impairments. There is growing evidence that such patients are at higher risk for medication-induced adverse event...

Authors: M. Seibert, V. Mühlbauer, J. Holbrook, S. Voigt-Radloff, S. Brefka, D. Dallmeier, M. Denkinger, C. Schönfeldt-Lecuona, S. Klöppel and C. A. F. von Arnim

Short leukocyte telomeres predict 25-year Alzheimer's disease incidence in non-APOE ε4-carriers

Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been shown to predict Alzheimer’s disease (AD), albeit inconsistently. Failing to account for the competing risks between AD, other dementia types, and mortality, can be an ...

Authors: Fernanda Schäfer Hackenhaar, Maria Josefsson, Annelie Nordin Adolfsson, Mattias Landfors, Karolina Kauppi, Magnus Hultdin, Rolf Adolfsson, Sofie Degerman and Sara Pudas

White matter hyperintensities in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease

We aimed to systematically describe the burden and distribution of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and investigate correlations with neuropsychiatric symptoms in pathologically proven Alzheimer’s disease (...

Authors: Philippe Desmarais, Andrew F. Gao, Krista Lanctôt, Ekaterina Rogaeva, Joel Ramirez, Nathan Herrmann, Donald T. Stuss, Sandra E. Black, Julia Keith and Mario Masellis

Verbal intelligence is a more robust cross-sectional measure of cognitive reserve than level of education in healthy older adults

Cognitive reserve is most commonly measured using socio-behavioural proxy variables. These variables are easy to collect, have a straightforward interpretation, and are widely associated with reduced risk of d...

Authors: R. Boyle, S. P. Knight, C. De Looze, D. Carey, S. Scarlett, Y. Stern, I. H. Robertson, R. A. Kenny and R. Whelan

The Revised Self-Monitoring Scale detects early impairment of social cognition in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort

Although social cognitive dysfunction is a major feature of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), it has been poorly studied in familial forms. A key goal of studies is to detect early cognitive impairment using vali...

Authors: Hannah D. Franklin, Lucy L. Russell, Georgia Peakman, Caroline V. Greaves, Martina Bocchetta, Jennifer Nicholas, Jackie Poos, Rhian S. Convery, David M. Cash, John van Swieten, Lize Jiskoot, Fermin Moreno, Raquel Sanchez-Valle, Barbara Borroni, Robert Laforce Jr, Mario Masellis…

Prediction of differentially expressed microRNAs in blood as potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease by meta-analysis and adaptive boosting ensemble learning

Blood circulating microRNAs that are specific for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be identified from differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs). However, non-reproducible and inconsistent reports of DEmiRNAs h...

Authors: Sze Chung Yuen, Xiaonan Liang, Hongmei Zhu, Yongliang Jia and Siu-wai Leung

Aη-α and Aη-β peptides impair LTP ex vivo within the low nanomolar range and impact neuronal activity in vivo

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is central to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology. As early cognitive alterations in AD are strongly correlated to abnormal information processing due to increasing syn...

Authors: Maria Mensch, Jade Dunot, Sandy M. Yishan, Samuel S. Harris, Aline Blistein, Alban Avdiu, Paula A. Pousinha, Camilla Giudici, Marc Aurel Busche, Peter Jedlicka, Michael Willem and Hélène Marie

Lewy Body Dementia Association’s Industry Advisory Council: proceedings of the second annual meeting

In 2019, the Lewy Body Dementia Association formed an Industry Advisory Council to bring together a collaborative group of stakeholders with the goal of accelerating clinical research into Lewy body dementia t...

Authors: Jennifer G. Goldman, Bradley F. Boeve, Melissa J. Armstrong, Doug R. Galasko, James E. Galvin, David J. Irwin, James B. Leverenz, Karen Marder, Victor Abler, Kevin Biglan, Michael C. Irizarry, Bill Keller, Robert Lai, Leanne Munsie, Michael Belleville, Ondrea Chaney…

Plasma biomarker profiles and the correlation with cognitive function across the clinical spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease

Plasma biomarkers showed a promising value in the disease diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, profiles of the biomarkers and the associations with cognition across a spectrum of cogn...

Authors: Zhenxu Xiao, Xue Wu, Wanqing Wu, Jingwei Yi, Xiaoniu Liang, Saineng Ding, Li Zheng, Jianfeng Luo, Hongchen Gu, Qianhua Zhao, Hong Xu and Ding Ding

Admixture mapping reveals the association between Native American ancestry at 3q13.11 and reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease in Caribbean Hispanics

Genetic studies have primarily been conducted in European ancestry populations, identifying dozens of loci associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, much of AD’s heritability remains unexpl...

Authors: Andréa R. V. R. Horimoto, Diane Xue, Timothy A. Thornton and Elizabeth E. Blue

Arterial stiffening acts synergistically with APOE genotype and AD biomarker status to influence memory in older adults without dementia

Arterial stiffening has emerged as an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementias. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity has been proposed as a non-invasive and reproducible method t...

Authors: Katherine J. Bangen, Denis S. Smirnov, Lisa Delano-Wood, Christina E. Wierenga, Mark W. Bondi, David P. Salmon and Douglas Galasko

Race, APOE genotypes, and cognitive decline among middle-aged urban adults

Associations of Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε2 or ε4 (APOE2 or APOE4) dosages with cognitive change may differ across racial groups.

Authors: May A. Beydoun, Jordan Weiss, Hind A. Beydoun, Sharmin Hossain, Ana I. Maldonado, Botong Shen, Michele K. Evans and Alan B. Zonderman

VAMP-2 is a surrogate cerebrospinal fluid marker of Alzheimer-related cognitive impairment in adults with Down syndrome

There is an urgent need for objective markers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related cognitive impairment in people with Down syndrome (DS) to improve diagnosis, monitor disease progression, and assess response t...

Authors: Alberto Lleó, Maria Carmona-Iragui, Laura Videla, Susana Fernández, Bessy Benejam, Jordi Pegueroles, Isabel Barroeta, Miren Altuna, Silvia Valldeneu, Mei-Fang Xiao, Desheng Xu, Raúl Núñez-Llaves, Marta Querol-Vilaseca, Sònia Sirisi, Alexandre Bejanin, M. Florencia Iulita…

Pathological correlates of impaired self-awareness of memory function in Alzheimer’s disease

Impaired self-awareness of memory function, a.k.a. anosognosia, is a common symptom in Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, its pathological correlates remain unclear. Here, we investigated the impact of amyloid...

Authors: Geoffroy Gagliardi, Madeline Kuppe, Cristina Lois, Bernard Hanseeuw and Patrizia Vannini

Identifying novel genetic variants for brain amyloid deposition: a genome-wide association study in the Korean population

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of genetic variants for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, most GWAS were conducted in individuals of European ancestry, and non-European populat...

Authors: Hang-Rai Kim, Sang-Hyuk Jung, Jaeho Kim, Hyemin Jang, Sung Hoon Kang, Song Hwangbo, Jun Pyo Kim, So Yeon Kim, Beomsu Kim, Soyeon Kim, Jee Hyang Jeong, Soo Jin Yoon, Kyung Won Park, Eun-Joo Kim, Bora Yoon, Jae-Won Jang…

Enriched gardens improve cognition and independence of nursing home residents with dementia: a pilot controlled trial

Dementia is a major issue worldwide, and considerable efforts were made to design therapeutic mediation tools and evaluate their benefits on the health of patients.

Authors: Etienne Bourdon and Joël Belmin

GPS driving: a digital biomarker for preclinical Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Preclinical AD is the period during which early AD brain changes are present but cognitive symptoms have not yet manifest. The presence of AD brain ...

Authors: Sayeh Bayat, Ganesh M. Babulal, Suzanne E. Schindler, Anne M. Fagan, John C. Morris, Alex Mihailidis and Catherine M. Roe

Reversible GABAergic dysfunction involved in hippocampal hyperactivity predicts early-stage Alzheimer disease in a mouse model

Neuronal hyperactivity related to β-amyloid (Aβ) is considered an early warning sign of Alzheimer disease (AD). Although increasing evidence supports this opinion, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

Authors: Yang Li, Ke Zhu, Ning Li, Xiaotong Wang, Xuansheng Xiao, Linying Li, Lijuan Li, Ying He, Jinglan Zhang, Jiaoyang Wo, Yanqiu Cui, Haixia Huang, Jianliang Zhang, Wei Wang, Xiaomin Wang and Yan Zheng

Differential effects of risk factors on the cognitive trajectory of early- and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease

Although few studies have shown that risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are associated with cognitive decline in AD, not much is known whether the impact of risk factors differs between early-onset AD (...

Authors: Jaeho Kim, Sook-Young Woo, Seonwoo Kim, Hyemin Jang, Junpyo Kim, Jisun Kim, Sung Hoon Kang, Duk L. Na, Juhee Chin, Liana G. Apostolova, Sang Won Seo and Hee Jin Kim

Role of liraglutide in Alzheimer’s disease pathology

The described relationship between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the fact that AD has no succesful treatment has led to the study of antidiabetic drugs that may limit or slow down AD p...

Authors: Maria Vargas-Soria, Maria Jose Carranza-Naval, Angel del Marco and Monica Garcia-Alloza

Severe COVID-19 in Alzheimer’s disease: APOE4’s fault again?

Challenges have been recognized in healthcare of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the COVID-19 pandemic, given a high infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 in these patients. This situation urges t...

Authors: Nian Xiong, Martin R. Schiller, Jingwen Li, Xiaowu Chen and Zhicheng Lin

Network medicine links SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection to brain microvascular injury and neuroinflammation in dementia-like cognitive impairment

Dementia-like cognitive impairment is an increasingly reported complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for this complication remain unclear. A better understanding ...

Authors: Yadi Zhou, Jielin Xu, Yuan Hou, James B. Leverenz, Asha Kallianpur, Reena Mehra, Yunlong Liu, Haiyuan Yu, Andrew A. Pieper, Lara Jehi and Feixiong Cheng

Correlating natural language processing and automated speech analysis with clinician assessment to quantify speech-language changes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia

Language impairment is an important marker of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite this, there is no universal system of terminology used to describe these impairments and large inter-rater variability can exi...

Authors: Anthony Yeung, Andrea Iaboni, Elizabeth Rochon, Monica Lavoie, Calvin Santiago, Maria Yancheva, Jekaterina Novikova, Mengdan Xu, Jessica Robin, Liam D. Kaufman and Fariya Mostafa

Longitudinal change in hippocampal and dorsal anterior insulae functional connectivity in subjective cognitive decline

Subjective cognitive decline, perceived worsening of cognitive ability without apparent performance issues on clinical assessment, may be an important precursor to dementia. While previous cross-sectional rese...

Authors: Raymond P. Viviano and Jessica S. Damoiseaux

Association of accelerated long-term forgetting and senescence-related blood-borne factors in asymptomatic individuals from families with autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease

Accelerated long-term forgetting has been identified in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is attributed to a selective impairment of memory consolidation in which the hippocampus plays a key role. As bl...

Authors: Jianwei Yang, Chaojun Kong, Longfei Jia, Tingting Li, Meina Quan, Yan Li, Diyang Lyu, Fangyu Li, Hongmei Jin, Ying Li, Qigeng Wang and Jianping Jia

A phase 2 double-blind placebo-controlled 24-week treatment clinical study of the p38 alpha kinase inhibitor neflamapimod in mild Alzheimer’s disease

In preclinical studies, p38⍺ kinase is implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. In animal models, it mediates impaired synaptic dysfunction in the hippocampus, causing memory deficits, and is invol...

Authors: Niels D. Prins, John E. Harrison, Hui-May Chu, Kelly Blackburn, John J. Alam and Philip Scheltens

Brain connectivity and metacognition in persons with subjective cognitive decline (COSCODE): rationale and study design

Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is the subjective perception of a decline in memory and/or other cognitive functions in the absence of objective evidence. Some SCD individuals however may suffer from very e...

Authors: Federica Ribaldi, Christian Chicherio, Daniele Altomare, Marta Martins, Szymon Tomczyk, Ileana Jelescu, Enrique Maturana, Max Scheffler, Sven Haller, Karl-Olof Lövblad, Michela Pievani, Valentina Garibotto, Matthias Kliegel and Giovanni B. Frisoni

Predict Alzheimer’s disease using hippocampus MRI data: a lightweight 3D deep convolutional network model with visual and global shape representations

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder. Hippocampus is one of the involved regions and its atrophy is a widely used biomarker for AD diagnosis. We have recently developed Den...

Authors: Sreevani Katabathula, Qinyong Wang and Rong Xu

Repurposing beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonists for Alzheimer’s disease: beneficial effects in a mouse model

Old age, the most important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is associated with thermoregulatory deficits. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is the main thermogenic driver in mammals and its stimulation, thr...

Authors: Marine Tournissac, Tra-My Vu, Nika Vrabic, Clara Hozer, Cyntia Tremblay, Koralie Mélançon, Emmanuel Planel, Fabien Pifferi and Frédéric Calon

Correction to: Exploring the potential of the platelet membrane proteome as a source of peripheral biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

Authors: Laura E. Donovan, Eric B. Dammer, Duc M. Duong, John J. Hanfelt, Allan I. Levey, Nicholas T. Seyfried and James J. Lah

A neurologist’s perspective on serum neurofilament light in the memory clinic: a prospective implementation study

Neurofilament light in serum (sNfL) is a biomarker for axonal damage with elevated levels in many neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative dementias. Since within-group variation of sNfL is large an...

Authors: E. A. J. Willemse, P. Scheltens, C. E. Teunissen and E. G. B. Vijverberg

Pathological drivers of neurodegeneration in suspected non-Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology

Little is known about the heterogeneous etiology of suspected non-Alzheimer’s pathophysiology (SNAP), a group of subjects with neurodegeneration in the absence of β-amyloid. Using antemortem MRI and pathologic...

Authors: L. E. M. Wisse, R. de Flores, L. Xie, S. R. Das, C. T. McMillan, J. Q. Trojanowski, M. Grossman, E. B. Lee, D. Irwin, P. A. Yushkevich and D. A. Wolk

Validation of amyloid PET positivity thresholds in centiloids: a multisite PET study approach

Inconsistent positivity thresholds, image analysis pipelines, and quantitative outcomes are key challenges of multisite studies using more than one β-amyloid (Aβ) radiotracer in positron emission tomography (P...

Authors: Sarah K. Royse, Davneet S. Minhas, Brian J. Lopresti, Alice Murphy, Tyler Ward, Robert A. Koeppe, Santiago Bullich, Susan DeSanti, William J. Jagust and Susan M. Landau

Aducanumab produced a clinically meaningful benefit in association with amyloid lowering

Authors: Jeffrey Cummings, Paul Aisen, Cynthia Lemere, Alireza Atri, Marwan Sabbagh and Stephen Salloway

Using historical data to facilitate clinical prevention trials in Alzheimer disease? An analysis of longitudinal MCI (mild cognitive impairment) data sets

The Placebo Group Simulation Approach (PGSA) aims at partially replacing randomized placebo-controlled trials (RPCTs), making use of data from historical control groups in order to decrease the needed number o...

Authors: Manfred Berres, Andreas U. Monsch and René Spiegel

Anticancer drugs repurposed for Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review

The relationship between cancer and dementia is triggering growing research interest. Several preclinical studies have provided the biological rationale for the repurposing of specific anticancer agents in Alz...

Authors: Antonio Ancidoni, Ilaria Bacigalupo, Giulia Remoli, Eleonora Lacorte, Paola Piscopo, Giulia Sarti, Massimo Corbo, Nicola Vanacore and Marco Canevelli

The role of sex and gender in the selection of Alzheimer patients for clinical trial pre-screening

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the elderly with a prevalence of 7.1% in women and 3.3% in men. Sex-related patterns have been reported in prognosis, biomarker stat...

Authors: Maitee Rosende-Roca, Carla Abdelnour, Ester Esteban, Juan Pablo Tartari, Emilio Alarcon, Juliana Martínez-Atienza, Antonio González-Pérez, María E. Sáez, Asunción Lafuente, Mar Buendía, Ana Pancho, Nuria Aguilera, Marta Ibarria, Susana Diego, Sara Jofresa, Isabel Hernández…

Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) as a potential biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with extracellular amyloid-β peptide deposition and progressive neuron loss. Strong evidence supports that neuroinflammatory changes such as ...

Authors: Freyja Aichholzer, Hans-Wolfgang Klafki, Isabella Ogorek, Jonathan Vogelgsang, Jens Wiltfang, Norbert Scherbaum, Sascha Weggen and Oliver Wirths

Characterization of Alzheimer’s tau biomarker discordance using plasma, CSF, and PET

We aimed to investigate the tau biomarker discrepancies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p-tau181, and AV1451 positron emission...

Authors: Yu Guo, Yu-Yuan Huang, Xue-Ning Shen, Shi-Dong Chen, Hao Hu, Zuo-Teng Wang, Lan Tan and Jin-Tai Yu

Artificial intelligence-based computational framework for drug-target prioritization and inference of novel repositionable drugs for Alzheimer’s disease

Identifying novel therapeutic targets is crucial for the successful development of drugs. However, the cost to experimentally identify therapeutic targets is huge and only approximately 400 genes are targets f...

Authors: Shingo Tsuji, Takeshi Hase, Ayako Yachie-Kinoshita, Taiko Nishino, Samik Ghosh, Masataka Kikuchi, Kazuro Shimokawa, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Hiroaki Kitano and Hiroshi Tanaka

Investigating the relationship between BMI across adulthood and late life brain pathologies

In view of reported associations between high adiposity, particularly in midlife and late-life dementia risk, we aimed to determine associations between body mass index (BMI), and BMI changes across adulthood ...

Authors: Christopher A. Lane, Josephine Barnes, Jennifer M. Nicholas, John W. Baker, Carole H. Sudre, David M. Cash, Thomas D. Parker, Ian B. Malone, Kirsty Lu, Sarah-Naomi James, Ashvini Keshavan, Sarah Buchanan, Sarah Keuss, Heidi Murray-Smith, Andrew Wong, Elizabeth Gordon…

Characterization of the initial complaint and care pathways prior to diagnosis in very young sporadic Alzheimer’s disease

Very-early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (young-AD) differentiates from late-onset AD (old-AD) by a predominant involvement of the parietal neocortex leading to atypical presentations. The diagnosis of AD is often...

Authors: Pauline Olivieri, Lorraine Hamelin, Julien Lagarde, Valérie Hahn, Elodie Guichart-Gomez, Carole Roué-Jagot and Marie Sarazin

Remote monitoring technologies in Alzheimer’s disease: design of the RADAR-AD study

Functional decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is typically measured using single-time point subjective rating scales, which rely on direct observation or (caregiver) recall. Remote monitoring technologies (RM...

Authors: Marijn Muurling, Casper de Boer, Rouba Kozak, Dorota Religa, Ivan Koychev, Herman Verheij, Vera J. M. Nies, Alexander Duyndam, Meemansa Sood, Holger Fröhlich, Kristin Hannesdottir, Gul Erdemli, Federica Lucivero, Claire Lancaster, Chris Hinds, Thanos G. Stravopoulos…

Correction to: The molecular tweezer CLR01 improves behavioral deficits and reduces tau pathology in P301S-tau transgenic mice

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Jing Di, Ibrar Siddique, Zizheng Li, Ghattas Malki, Simon Hornung, Suman Dutta, Ian Hurst, Ella Ishaaya, Austin Wang, Sally Tu, Ani Boghos, Ida Ericsson, Frank-Gerrit Klärner, Thomas Schrader and Gal Bitan

Safety, pharmacokinetics and exploratory pro-cognitive effects of HTL0018318, a selective M₁ receptor agonist, in healthy younger adult and elderly subjects: a multiple ascending dose study

The cholinergic system and M₁ receptor remain an important target for symptomatic treatment of cognitive dysfunction. The selective M₁ receptor partial agonist HTL0018318 is under development for the symptomatic ...

Authors: Charlotte Bakker, Tim Tasker, Jan Liptrot, Ellen P. Hart, Erica S. Klaassen, Robert Jan Doll, Giles A. Brown, Alastair Brown, Miles Congreve, Malcolm Weir, Fiona H. Marshall, David M. Cross, Geert Jan Groeneveld and Pradeep J. Nathan

Diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma neurofilament light and total-tau in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Blood neurofilament light (Nfl) and total-tau (t-tau) have been described to be increased in several neurological conditions, including prion diseases and other neurodegenerative dementias. Here, we aim to det...

Authors: Inga Zerr, Anna Villar-Piqué, Peter Hermann, Matthias Schmitz, Daniela Varges, Isidre Ferrer, Joachim Riggert, Henrik Zetterberg, Kaj Blennow and Franc Llorens

Use of the Clock Drawing Test and the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test-copy with convolutional neural networks to predict cognitive impairment

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) are widely used as a part of neuropsychological test batteries to assess cognitive function. Our objective was to confirm the predicti...

Authors: Young Chul Youn, Jung-Min Pyun, Nayoung Ryu, Min Jae Baek, Jae-Won Jang, Young Ho Park, Suk-Won Ahn, Hae-Won Shin, Kwang-Yeol Park and Sang Yun Kim

Prognostic value of amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration (ATN) classification based on diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid samples for Alzheimer’s disease

The primary study objective of this retrospective academic memory clinic-based observational longitudinal study was to investigate the prognostic value of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-based ATN classification f...

Authors: Koen Delmotte, Jolien Schaeverbeke, Koen Poesen and Rik Vandenberghe

Correction to: Amyloid β-protein oligomers promote the uptake of tau fibril seeds potentiating intracellular tau aggregation

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Authors: Woo Shik Shin, Jing Di, Qin Cao, Binsen Li, Paul M. Seidler, Kevin A. Murray, Gal Bitan and Lin Jiang