Patel KV. Epidemiology of anemia in older adults. Semin Hematol. 2008;45:210–7.
Article
Google Scholar
Bianchi VE. Role of nutrition on anemia in elderly. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2016;11:e1–e11.
Article
Google Scholar
Chaves PH, Semba RD, Leng SX, Woodman RC, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, et al. Impact of anemia and cardiovascular disease on frailty status of community-dwelling older women: the Women’s Health and Aging Studies I and II. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:729–35.
Article
Google Scholar
Penninx BW, Guralnik JM, Onder G, Ferrucci L, Wallace RB, Pahor M. Anemia and decline in physical performance among older persons. Am J Med. 2003;115:104–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Zakai NA, Katz R, Hirsch C, Shlipak MG, Chaves PH, Newman AB, et al. A prospective study of anemia status, hemoglobin concentration, and mortality in an elderly cohort: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2214–20.
Article
Google Scholar
Shah RC, Wilson RS, Tang Y, Dong X, Murray A, Bennett DA. Relation of hemoglobin to level of cognitive function in older persons. Neuroepidemiology. 2009;32:40–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Jeong SM, Shin DW, Lee JE, Hyeon JH, Lee J, Kim S. Anemia is associated with incidence of dementia: a national health screening study in Korea involving 37,900 persons. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9:94.
Article
Google Scholar
Beard CM, Kokmen E, O’Brien PC, Ania BJ, Melton LJ 3rd. Risk of Alzheimer’s disease among elderly patients with anemia: population-based investigations in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Ann Epidemiol. 1997;7:219–24.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Atti AR, Palmer K, Volpato S, Zuliani G, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Anaemia increases the risk of dementia in cognitively intact elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:278–84.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Kurella Tamura M, Wadley VG, Newsome BB, Zakai NA, McClure LA, Howard G, et al. Hemoglobin concentration and cognitive impairment in the renal REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65:1380–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Son SJ, Lee KS, Na DL, Seo SW, Kim CH, Kim JH, et al. The effect of anemia and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on cognitive impairment in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012;55:251–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Milward EA, Grayson DA, Creasey H, Janu MR, Brooks WS, Broe GA. Evidence for association of anaemia with vascular dementia. Neuroreport. 1999;10:2377–81.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Inzitari M, Studenski S, Rosano C, Zakai NA, Longstreth WT Jr, Cushman M, et al. Anemia is associated with the progression of white matter disease in older adults with high blood pressure: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1867–72.
Article
Google Scholar
Park SE, Kim H, Lee J, Lee NK, Hwang JW, Yang JJ, et al. Decreased hemoglobin levels, cerebral small-vessel disease, and cortical atrophy: among cognitively normal elderly women and men. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28:147–56.
Article
Google Scholar
Hilal S, Ikram MK, Saini M, Tan CS, Catindig JA, Dong YH, et al. Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Chinese: Epidemiology of Dementia in Singapore study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:686–92.
Article
Google Scholar
Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:822–38.
Article
Google Scholar
Hilal S, Chai YL, van Veluw S, Shaik MA, Ikram MK, Venketasubramanian N, et al. Association between subclinical cardiac biomarkers and clinically manifest cardiac diseases with cortical cerebral microinfarcts. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74:403–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Cordonnier C, Potter GM, Jackson CA, Doubal F, Keir S, Sudlow CL, et al. improving interrater agreement about brain microbleeds: development of the Brain Observer MicroBleed Scale (BOMBS). Stroke. 2009;40:94–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Potter GM, Doubal FN, Jackson CA, Chappell FM, Sudlow CL, Dennis MS, et al. Counting cavitating lacunes underestimates the burden of lacunar infarction. Stroke. 2010;41:267–72.
Article
Google Scholar
Hilal S, Xin X, Ang SL, Tan CS, Venketasubramanian N, Niessen WJ, et al. Risk factors and consequences of cortical thickness in an Asian population. Medicine. 2015;94:e852.
Article
Google Scholar
Hilal S, Amin SM, Venketasubramanian N, Niessen WJ, Vrooman H, Wong TY, et al. Subcortical Atrophy in cognitive impairment and dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;48:813–23.
Article
Google Scholar
Dubois B, Slachevsky A, Litvan I, et al. The FAB: a Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside. Neurology. 2000;55:1621–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Porteus SD. The Maze Test and clinical psychology. Palo Alto: Pacific Books; 1959.
Book
Google Scholar
Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised. 3rd ed. San Antonio: Psychological Corp.; 1997.
Google Scholar
Lewis RF, Rennick PM. Manual for the Repeatable Cognitive-Perceptual-Motor Battery. Grosse Point Park: Axon Publishing; 1979.
Google Scholar
Mack WJ, Freed DM, Williams BW, Henderson VW. Boston Naming Test: shortened versions for use in Alzheimer’s disease. J Gerontol. 1992;47:154–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Isaacs B, Kennie AT. The Set test as an aid to the detection of dementia in old people. Br J Psychiatry. 1973;123:467–70.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Smith A. Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Torrance: WPS; 1973.
Google Scholar
Sahadevan S, Tan NJ, Tan T, et al. Cognitive testing of elderly Chinese people in Singapore: influence of education and age on normative scores. Age Ageing. 1997;26:481–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Diller L, Ben-Yishay Y, Gerstman LJ. Studies in cognition and rehabilitation in hemiplegia. New York: New York University Medical Center Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine; 1974.
Google Scholar
Sunderland T, Hill JL, Mellow AM, et al. Clock drawing in Alzheimer’s disease: a novel measure of dementia severity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37:725–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised. San Antonio: Psychological Corp.; 1981.
Google Scholar
Borzage MT, Bush AM, Choi S, Nederveen AJ, Vaclavu L, Coates TD, et al. Predictors of cerebral blood flow in patients with and without anemia. J Appl Physiol. 2016;120:976–81.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hare GM. Anaemia and the brain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2004;17:363–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Shiota S, Takekawa H, Matsumoto SE, Takeda K, Nurwidya F, Yoshioka Y, et al. Chronic intermittent hypoxia/reoxygenation facilitate amyloid-β generation in mice. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;37:325–33.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Sun X, He G, Qing H, Zhou W, Dobie F, Cai F, et al. Hypoxia facilitates Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis by up-regulating BACE1 gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:18727–32.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Auerbach ID, Vinters HV. Effects of anoxia and hypoxia on amyloid precursor protein processing in cerebral microvascular smooth muscle cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006;65:610–20.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Thomas T, Miners S, Love S. Post-mortem assessment of hypoperfusion of cerebral cortex in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Brain. 2015;138:1059–69.
Article
Google Scholar
Thal DR, Ghebremedhin E, Rub U, Yamaguchi H, Del Tredici K, Braak H. Two types of sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61:282–93.
Article
Google Scholar
Kovari E, Herrmann FR, Hof PR, Bouras C. The relationship between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cortical microinfarcts in brain ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013;39:498–509.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lewis DA, Campbell MJ, Terry RD, Morrison JH. Laminar and regional distributions of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in Alzheimer’s disease: a quantitative study of visual and auditory cortices. J Neurosci. 1987;7:1799–808.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hof PR, Morrison JH. Quantitative analysis of a vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer’s disease: II. Primary and secondary visual cortex. J Comp Neurol. 1990;301:55–64.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Buckner RL, Snyder AZ, Shannon BJ, LaRossa G, Sachs R, Fotenos AF, et al. Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory. J Neurosci. 2005;25:7709–17.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Brilliant MJ, Elble RJ, Ghobrial M, Struble RG. The distribution of amyloid β protein deposition in the corpus striatum of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1997;23:322–5.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rouhl RP, Damoiseaux JG, Lodder J, Theunissen RO, Knottnerus IL, Staals J, et al. Vascular inflammation in cerebral small vessel disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33:1800–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fu Y, Yan Y. Emerging role of immunity in cerebral small vessel disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9:67.
Article
Google Scholar
Milward EA, Bruce DG, Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, Cole M, Inderjeeth CA, et al. A cross-sectional community study of serum iron measures and cognitive status in older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20:617–23.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Schiepers OJ, van Boxtel MP, de Groot RH, Jolles J, de Kort WL, Swinkels DW, et al. Serum iron parameters, HFE C282Y genotype, and cognitive performance in older adults: results from the FACIT study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65:1312–21.
Article
Google Scholar
Ma F, Wu T, Zhao J, Song A, Liu H, Xu W, et al. Folic acid supplementation improves cognitive function by reducing the levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokines in elderly Chinese subjects with MCI. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37486.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Ting SKS, Earnest A, Li H, Hameed S, Chang HM, Chen CLH, et al. B vitamins and cognition in subjects with small vessel disease: a substudy of VITATOPS, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Neurol Sci. 2017;379:124–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Li MM, Yu JT, Wang HF, Jiang T, Wang J, Meng XF, et al. Efficacy of vitamins B supplementation on mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11:844–52.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Hankey GJ, Ford AH, Yi Q, Eikelboom JW, Lees KR, Chen C, et al. Effect of B vitamins and lowering homocysteine on cognitive impairment in patients with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack: a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013;44:2232–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar