Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9:689–701.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Leys D, Wolters EC, Ravid R, Kamphorst W. Histopathologic correlates of white matter changes on MRI in Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging. Neurology. 1995;45:883–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Decarli C. Vascular factors in dementia: an overview. J Neurol Sci. 2004;226:19–23.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van der Flier WM, Barkhof F, Scheltens P. Shifting paradigms in dementia: toward stratification of diagnosis and treatment using MRI. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1097:215–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gouw AA, Seewann A, van der Flier WM, Barkhof F, Rozemuller AM, Scheltens P, et al. Heterogeneity of small vessel disease: a systematic review of MRI and histopathology correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:126–35.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brickman AM, Honig LS, Scarmeas N, Tatarina O, Sanders L, Albert MS, et al. Measuring cerebral atrophy and white matter hyperintensity burden to predict the rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1202–8.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brickman AM, Muraskin J, Zimmerman ME. Structural neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s disease: do white matter hyperintensities matter? Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11:181–90.
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kalaria RN. The role of cerebral ischemia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:321–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scheltens P, Barkhof F, Valk J, Algra PR, van der Hoop RG, Nauta J, et al. White matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for heterogeneity. Brain. 1992;115:735–48.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mortamais M, Reynes C, Brickman AM, Provenzano FA, Muraskin J, Portet F, et al. Spatial distribution of cerebral white matter lesions predicts progression to mild cognitive impairment and dementia. PLoS One. 2013;8:e56972.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Toledo JB, Arnold SE, Raible K, Brettschneider J, Xie SX, Grossman M, et al. Contribution of cerebrovascular disease in autopsy confirmed neurodegenerative disease cases in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centre. Brain. 2013;136:2697–706.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:822–38.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Verhaaren BF, Vernooij MW, de Boer R, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, van der Lugt A, et al. High blood pressure and cerebral white matter lesion progression in the general population. Hypertension. 2013;61:1354–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petrovitch H, White LR, Izmirilian G, Ross GW, Havlik RJ, Markesbery W, et al. Midlife blood pressure and neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and brain weight at death: the HAAS. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:57–62.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Moghekar A, Kraut M, Elkins W, Troncoso J, Zonderman AB, Resnick SM, et al. Cerebral white matter disease is associated with Alzheimer pathology in a prospective cohort. Alzheimers Dement. 2012;8(5 Suppl):S71–7.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen YW, Gurol ME, Rosand J, Viswanathan A, Rakich SM, Groover TR, et al. Progression of white matter lesions and hemorrhages in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 2006;67:83–7.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Provenzano FA, Muraskin J, Tosto G, Narkhede A, Wasserman BT, Griffith EY, et al. White matter hyperintensities and cerebral amyloidosis: necessary and sufficient for clinical expression of Alzheimer disease? JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:455–61.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;341:c3666.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gunning-Dixon FM, Raz N. The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: a quantitative review. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:224–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oosterman JM, Sergeant JA, Weinstein HC, Scherder EJ. Timed executive functions and white matter in aging with and without cardiovascular risk factors. Rev Neurosci. 2004;15:439–62.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Prins ND, van Dijk EJ, den Heijer T, Vermeer SE, Jolles J, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Cerebral small-vessel disease and decline in information processing speed, executive function and memory. Brain. 2005;128:2034–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology. 1984;34:939–44.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack Jr CR, Kawas CH, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7:263–9.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Román GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjuntti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH, et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS‐AIREN International Workshop. Neurology. 1993;43:250–60.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Straaten EC, Scheltens P, Knol DL, van Buchem MA, van Dijk EJ, Hofman PA, et al. Operational definitions for the NINDS-AIREN criteria for vascular dementia: an interobserver study. Stroke. 2003;34:1907–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boone KB, Miller BL, Lesser IM, Mehringer CM, Hill-Gutierrez E, Goldberg MA, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of white-matter lesions in healthy elderly subjects: a threshold effect. Arch Neurol. 1992;49:549–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vitali P, Migliaccio R, Agosta F, Rosen HJ, Geschwind MD. Neuroimaging in dementia. Semin Neurol. 2008;28:467–83.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Straaten EC, Fazekas F, Rostrup E, Scheltens P, Schmidt R, Pantoni L, et al. Impact of white matter hyperintensities scoring method on correlations with clinical data: the LADIS study. Stroke. 2006;37:836–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fazekas F, Kleinert R, Offenbacher H, Schmidt R, Kleinert G, Payer F, et al. Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities. Neurology. 1993;43:1683–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kornhuber J, Schmidtke K, Frolich L, Perneczky R, Wolf S, Hampel H, et al. Early and differential diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: design and cohort baseline characteristics of the German Dementia Competence Network. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;27:404–17.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Author archive for Christian Gaser, Structural Brain Mapping Group. Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Jena, Germany. http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/author/admin/. Accessed 18 Mar 2015.
Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994;44:2308–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morris JC, Heyman A, Mohs RC, Hughes JP, van Belle G, Fillenbaum G, et al. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD): part I. Neurology. 1989;39:1159–65.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Duering M, Zieren N, Herve D, Jouvent E, Reyes S, Peters N, et al. Strategic role of frontal white matter tracts in vascular cognitive impairment: a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study in CADASIL. Brain. 2011;134:2366–75.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schmidt P, Gaser C, Arsic M, Buck D, Forschler A, Berthele A, et al. An automated tool for detection of FLAIR-hyperintense white-matter lesions in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage. 2012;59:3774–83.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
VBM toolboxes. Structural Brain Mapping Group, Christian Gaser, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Jena, Germany. http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/vbm/. Accessed 18 Mar 2015.
Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging. SPM: Statistical Parametric Mapping. http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/. Accessed 18 Mar 2015.
Ashburner J, Friston KJ. Unified segmentation. Neuroimage. 2005;26:839–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Manjon JV, Coupe P, Marti-Bonmati L, Collins DL, Robles M. Adaptive non-local means denoising of MR images with spatially varying noise levels. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;31:192–203.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage. 2007;38:95–113.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hixson JE, Vernier DT. Restriction isotyping of human apolipoprotein E by gene amplification and cleavage with HhaI. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:545–8.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rorden C, Karnath HO, Bonilha L. Improving lesion-symptom mapping. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19:1081–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wolk DA, Dickerson BC. the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has dissociable effects on memory and attentional-executive network function in Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:10256–61.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morgen K, Frölich L, Tost H, Plichta MM, Kölsch H, Rakebrandt F, et al. APOE-dependent phenotypes in subjects with mild cognitive impairment converting to Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;37:389–401.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, et al. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage. 2006;31:968–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indication of organic brain damage. Percept Mot Skills. 1958;8:271–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Biesbroek JM, Kuijf HJ, van der Graaf Y, Vincken KL, Postma A, Mali WP, et al. Association between subcortical vascular lesion location and cognition: a voxel-based and tract-based lesion-symptom mapping study. The SMART-MR Study. PLoS One. 2013;8:e60541.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Enzinger C, Fazekas F, Ropele S, Schmidt R. Progression of cerebral white matter lesions—clinical and radiological considerations. J Neurol Sci. 2007;257:5–10.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rabbitt P, Mogapi O, Scott M, Thacker N, Lowe C, Horan M, et al. Effects of global atrophy, white matter lesions, and cerebral blood flow on age-related changes in speed, memory, intelligence, vocabulary, and frontal function. Neuropsychology. 2007;21:684–95.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Dijk EJ, Prins ND, Vrooman HA, Hofman A, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. Progression of cerebral small vessel disease in relation to risk factors and cognitive consequences: Rotterdam Scan Study. Stroke. 2008;39:2712–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zakzanis KK, Mraz R, Graham SJ. An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test. Neuropsychologia. 2005;43:1878–86.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fotuhi M, Hachinski V, Whitehouse PJ. Changing perspectives regarding late-life dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5:649–58.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Selnes OA, Vinters HV. Vascular cognitive impairment. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2:538–47.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wen W, Sachdev PS, Chen X, Anstey K. Gray matter reduction is correlated with white matter hyperintensity volume: a voxel-based morphometric study in a large epidemiological sample. Neuroimage. 2006;29:1031–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Morgen K, Ramirez A, Frölich L, Tost H, Plichta MM, Kölsch H, et al. Genetic interaction of PICALM and APOE is associated with brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(5 Suppl):S269–76.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82:239–59.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Holtzman DM. Role of apoE/Aβ interactions in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Mol Neurosci. 2001;17:147–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiang Q, Lee CY, Mandrekar S, Wilkinson B, Cramer P, Zelcer N, et al. ApoE promotes the proteolytic degradation of Aβ. Neuron. 2008;58:681–93.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilke SA, Raam T, Antonios JK, Bushong EA, Koo EH, Ellisman MH, et al. Specific disruption of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2014;9:e84349.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Balietti M, Giorgetti B, Casoli T, Solazzi M, Tamagnini F, Burattini C, et al. Early selective vulnerability of synapses and synaptic mitochondria in the hippocampal CA1 region of the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013;34:887–96.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buckner RL, Sepulcre J, Talukdar T, Krienen FM, Liu H, Hedden T, et al. Cortical hubs revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity: mapping, assessment of stability, and relation to Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2009;29:1860–73.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bero AW, Yan P, Roh JH, Cirrito JR, Stewart FR, Raichle ME, et al. Neuronal activity regulates the regional vulnerability to amyloid-β deposition. Nat Neurosci. 2011;14:750–6.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benedictus MR, Goos JD, Binnewijzend MA, Muller M, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, et al. Specific risk factors for microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2013;34:2488–94.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Casserly I, Topol E. Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease: inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins. Lancet. 2004;363:1139–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Milionis HJ, Florentin M, Giannopoulos S. Metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: a link to a vascular hypothesis? CNS Spectr. 2008;13:606–13.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shah NS, Vidal JS, Masaki K, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Tilley C, et al. Midlife blood pressure, plasma β-amyloid, and the risk for Alzheimer disease: the Honolulu Asia Aging Study. Hypertension. 2012;59:780–6.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Di Paolo G, Kim TW. Linking lipids to Alzheimer’s disease: cholesterol and beyond. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:284–96.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craft S. Insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer disease: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2006;20:298–301.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Dijk EJ, Prins ND, Vermeer SE, Hofman A, van Duijn CM, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Plasma amyloid β, apolipoprotein E, lacunar infarcts, and white matter lesions. Ann Neurol. 2004;55:570–5.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Godin O, Tzourio C, Maillard P, Alperovitch A, Mazoyer B, Dufouil C. Apolipoprotein E genotype is related to progression of white matter lesion load. Stroke. 2009;40:3186–90.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Haybaeck J, Loitfelder M, Weis S, Cavalieri M, et al. Heterogeneity in age-related white matter changes. Acta Neuropathol. 2011;122:171–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fornage M, Debette S, Bis JC, Schmidt H, Ikram MA, Dufouil C, et al. Genome-wide association studies of cerebral white matter lesion burden: the CHARGE consortium. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:928–39.
Article
PubMed Central
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schnack HG, van Haren NE, Brouwer RM, van Baal GC, Picchioni M, Weisbrod M, et al. Mapping reliability in multicenter MRI: voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31:1967–82.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kimberg DY, Coslett HB, Schwartz MF. Power in voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007;19:1067–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Reger MA, Watson GS, Frey 2nd WH, Baker LD, Cholerton B, Keeling ML, et al. Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:451–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Craft S, Baker LD, Montine TJ, Minoshima S, Watson GS, Claxton A, et al. Intranasal insulin therapy for Alzheimer disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a pilot clinical trial. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:29–38.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Katsumata T, Otori T, Nishiyama Y, Okubo S, Nagayama H, Ueda M, et al. Correlation between insulin resistance and white matter lesions among non-diabetic patients with ischemic stroke. Neurol Res. 2010;32:743–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Li NC, Lee A, Whitmer RA, Kivipelto M, Lawler E, Kazis LE, et al. Use of angiotensin receptor blockers and risk of dementia in a predominantly male population: prospective cohort analysis. BMJ. 2010;340:b5465.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hajjar I, Brown L, Mack WJ, Chui H. Impact of Angiotensin receptor blockers on Alzheimer disease neuropathology in a large brain autopsy series. Arch Neurol. 2012;69:1632–8.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar