Alzheimer’s Association: 2016 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. 2016. https://www.alz.org/documents_custom/2016-facts-and-figures.pdf. Accessed 04 Aug 2016
Geda YE. Mild cognitive impairment in older adults. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0291-x.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Langa KM, Levine DA. The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13806.
Google Scholar
Lopez OL, Jagust WJ, DeKosky ST, Becker JT, Fitzpatrick A, Dulberg C, et al. Prevalence and classification of mild cognitive impairment in the Cardiovascular Health Study Cognition Study. Arch Neurol. 2003. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1385.
Google Scholar
Petersen RC, Roberts RO, Knopman DS, Geda YE, Cha RH, Pankratz VS, et al. The Mayo Clinic Study of Aging: prevalence of mild cognitive impairment is higher in men. Neurology. 2010. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f11d85.
Google Scholar
Budd D, Burns LC, Guo Z, L’Italien G, Lapuerta P. Impact of early intervention and disease modification in patients with predementia Alzheimer’s disease: a Markov model simulation. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2011. doi:10.2147/CEOR.S22265.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Farlow M, Anand R, Messina Jr J, Hartman R, Veach J. A 52-week study of the efficacy of rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer’s disease. Eur Neurol. 2000. doi:10.1159/000008243.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Adams M. Routine check-ups and other factors affecting discussions with a health care provider about subjective memory complaints, behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 21 states, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis. 2016. doi:10.5888/pcd13.150471.
Google Scholar
Barker WW, Luis C, Harwood D, Loewenstein D, Bravo M, Ownby R, et al. The effect of a memory screening program on the early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2005. doi:10.1097/01.wad.0000155380.63231.68.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boustani M, Peterson B, Hanson L, Harris R, Lohr KN, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2003. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-11-200306030-00015.
Boustani M, Callahan CM, Unverzagt FW, Austrom MG, Perkins AJ, Fultz BA, et al. Implementing a screening and diagnosis program for dementia in primary care. J Gen Intern Med. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0126.x.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bradford A, Kunik ME, Schulz P, Williams SP, Singh H. Missed and delayed diagnosis of dementia in primary care: prevalence and contributing factors. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2009. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181a6bebc.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chodosh J, Petitti DB, Elliott M, Hays RD, Crooks VC, Reuben DB, et al. Physician recognition of cognitive impairment: evaluating the need for improvement. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52301.x.
Google Scholar
Valcour VG, Masaki KH, Curb JD, Blanchette PL. The detection of dementia in the primary care setting. Arch Intern Med. 2000. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.19.2964.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arlt S, Hornung J, Eichenlaub M, Jahn H, Bullinger M, Peterson C. The patient with dementia, the caregiver and the doctor: cognition, depression and quality of life from three perspectives. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008. doi:10.1002/gps.1946.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Speechly CM, Bridges-Webb C, Passmore E. The pathway to dementia diagnosis. Med J Aust. 2008;189:487–89.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Watari KF, Gatz M. Pathways to care for Alzheimer’s disease among Korean Americans. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2004. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.10.1.23.
PubMed
Google Scholar
United Behavioral Health. Psychological and neuropsychological testing medicare coverage summary. Optum. 2016. https://www.providerexpress.com/content/dam/ope-provexpr/us/pdfs/clinResourcesMain/guidelines/mcs/ptMCS.pdf. Accessed 19 Oct 2016.
Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, Chodosh J, Reuben D, Verghese J, et al. Medicare Detection of Cognitive Impairment Workgroup: Alzheimer’s Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.011.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Borson S, Scanlan JM, Watanabe J, Tu SP, Lessig M. Simplifying detection of cognitive impairment: comparison of the Mini-Cog and Mini-Mental State Examination in a multiethnic sample. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53269.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Brodaty H, Moore CM. The Clock Drawing Test for dementia of the Alzheimer's type: a comparison of three scoring methods in a memory disorders clinic. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199706)12:6<619::AID-GPS554>3.0.CO;2-H.
Google Scholar
Brodaty H, Pond D, Kemp NM, Luscombe G, Harding L, Berman K, et al. The GPCOG: a new screening test for dementia designed for general practice. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50122.x.
Google Scholar
Brodaty H, Low LF, Gibson L, Burns K. What is the best dementia screening instrument for general practitioners to use? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006. doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000216181.20416.b2.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buschke H, Kuslansky G, Katz M, Stewart WF, Sliwinski MJ, Eckholdt HM, et al. Screening for dementia with the memory impairment screen. Neurology. 1999. doi:10.1212/WNL.52.2.231.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cullen B, O'Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA. A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.095414.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state” a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiat Res. 1975. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6.
Froehlich TE, Robison JT, Inouye SK. Screening for dementia in the outpatient setting: the time and change test. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1998.tb01534.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ismail Z, Rajji TK, Shulman KI. Brief cognitive screening instruments: an update. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010. doi:10.1002/gps.2306.
Google Scholar
Kalbe E, Kessler J, Calabrese P, Smith R, Passmore AP, Brand M, et al. DemTect: a new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004. doi:10.1002/gps.1042.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lorentz WJ, Scanlan JM, Borson S. Brief screening tests for dementia. Can J Psychiatry. 2002;47:723–33.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mendiondo MS, Ashford JW, Kryscio RJ, Schmitt FA. Designing a Brief Alzheimer Screen (BAS). J Alzheimers Dis. 2003;5:391–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Milne A, Culverwell A, Guss R, Tuppen J, Whelton R. Screening for dementia in primary care: a review of the use, efficacy and quality of measures. Int Psychogeriatr. 2008. doi:10.1017/S1041610208007394.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, Charbonneau S, Whitehead V, Collin I, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robert PH, Schuck S, Dubois B, Olié JP, Lépine JP, Gallarda T, et al. Screening for Alzheimer's disease with the short cognitive evaluation battery. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2003. doi:10.1159/000067971.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tariq SH, Tumosa N, Chibnall JT, Perry 3rd MH, Morley JE. Comparison of the Saint Louis University mental status examination and the mini-mental state examination for detecting dementia and mild neurocognitive disorder—a pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006. doi:10.1097/01.JGP.0000221510.33817.86.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boise L, Camicioli R, Morgan DL, Rose JH, Congleton L. Diagnosing dementia: perspectives of primary care physicians. Gerontologist. 1999. doi:10.1093/geront/39.4.457.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ozer S, Young J, Champ C, Burke M. A systematic review of the diagnostic test accuracy of brief cognitive tests to detect amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016. doi:10.1002/gps.4444.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Petersen RC, Stevens JC, Ganguli M, Tangalos EG, Cummings JL, DeKosky ST. Practice parameter: early detection of dementia: mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2001. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.9.1133
Powlishta KK, Von Dras DD, Stanford A, Carr DB, Tsering C, Miller JP, et al. The clock drawing test is a poor screen for very mild dementia. Neurology. 2002. doi:10.1212/WNL.59.6.898.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tang-Wai DF, Knopman DS, Geda YE, Edland SD, Smith GE, Ivnik RJ, et al. Comparison of the short test of mental status and the mini-mental state examination in mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 2003. doi:10.1001/archneur.60.12.1777.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu G, Meyer JS, Thornby J, Chowdhury M, Quach M. Screening for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) utilizing combined mini-mental-cognitive capacity examinations for identifying dementia prodromes. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002. doi:10.1002/gps.744.
Google Scholar
Eichler T, Thyrian JR, Hertel J, Wucherer D, Michalowsky B, Reiner K, et al. Subjective memory impairment: no suitable criteria for case-finding of dementia in primary care. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2015. doi:10.1016/j.dadm.2015.02.004.
Google Scholar
Galvin JE, Roe CM, Xiong C, Morris JC. The validity and reliability of the AD8 informant interview for dementia. Neurology. 2006. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000247042.15547.eb.
Google Scholar
Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. An informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms. Psychol Med. 1989. doi:10.1017/S0033291700005742.
Google Scholar
Morris J. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993. doi:10.1212/WNL.43.11.2412-a.
Google Scholar
Borson S, Scanlan JM, Watanabe J, Tu SP, Lessig M. Improving identification of cognitive impairment in primary care. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006. doi:10.1002/gps.1470.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Grober E, Hall C, Lipton RB, Teresi JA. Primary care screen for early dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01553.x.
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Scharre DW, Chang S-I, Murden RA, Lamb J, Beversdorf DQ, Kataki M, et al. Self-administered gerocognitive examination (SAGE): a brief cognitive assessment instrument for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e3181b03277.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scharre DW, Chang S-I, Nagaraja HN, Yager-Schweller J, Murden RA. Community cognitive screening using the self-administered gerocognitive examination (SAGE). J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13060145.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Scharre DW, Trzepacz PT. Evaluation of cognitive impairment in older adults. Focus. 2013. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.4.482.
Google Scholar
Darby DG, Pietrzak RH, Fredrickson J, Woodward M, Moore L, Fredrickson A, et al. Intraindividual cognitive decline using a brief computerized cognitive screening test. Alzheimers Dement. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.12.009.
Google Scholar
Randolph C, Tierney MC, Mohr E, Chase TN. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): preliminary clinical validity. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998. doi:10.1076/jcen.20.3.310.823.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wild K, Howieson D, Webbe F, Seelye A, Kaye J. Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: a systematic review. Alzheimers Dement. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2008.07.003.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Saxton J, Morrow L, Eschman A, Archer G, Luther J, Zuccolotto A. Computer assessment of mild cognitive impairment. Postgrad Med. 2009. doi:10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1990.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tierney MC, Lermer MA. Computerized cognitive assessment in primary care to identify patients with suspected cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-091672.
Google Scholar
Tierney MC, Naglie G, Upshur R, Moineddin R, Charles J, Jaakkimainen L. Feasibility and validity of the self-administered computerized assessment of mild cognitive impairment with older primary care patients. Alzheimer Dis & Assoc Disord. 2014. doi:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000036.
Google Scholar
Ruggeri K, Maguire A, Andrews JL, Martin E, Menon S. Are we there yet? Exploring the impact of translating cognitive tests for dementia using mobile technology in an aging population. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00021.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Berg EA. A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking. J Gen Psychol. 1948. doi:10.1080/00221309.1948.9918159.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heaton RK. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1981.
Google Scholar
Benedict RH, Schretlen D, Groninger L, Brandt J. Hopkins Verbal Learning Test- Revised; normative data and analysis of inter-form and test-retest reliability. Clin Neuropsychologist. 1998;12:43–55.
Article
Google Scholar
Brandt J. The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test: development of a new memory test with six equivalent forms. Clin Neuropsychologist. 1991. doi:10.1080/13854049108403297.
Google Scholar
Wechsler D. Wechsler adult intelligence scale III administration and scoring manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1997.
Google Scholar
Kaplan E, Goodglass H, Weintraub S. Boston naming test. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1983.
Google Scholar
Benton AL, Hamsher K. Multilingual aphasia examination. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press; 1978.
Google Scholar
Spreen O, Strauss E. A Compendium of neuropsychological tests: administrations, norms, and commentary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1998.
Google Scholar
Heaton RK, Miller SW, Taylor MJ, Grant I. Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2004.
Google Scholar
Cummings JL, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg-Thompson S, Carusi DA, Gombein J. The neuropsychiatric inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology. 1994. doi:10.1212/WNL.44.12.2308.
Google Scholar
Galasko D, Bennett D, Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas R, Grundman M, et al. An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s disease cooperative study. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1997;11 Suppl 2:S33–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lawton MP, Brodie EM. Assessment of older people: self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist. 1969. doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179.
Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press; 1994.
Google Scholar
Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 1999. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Steiger JH. Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychol Bull. 1980. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.87.2.245.
Google Scholar
Lin L. A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989. doi:10.2307/2532051.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Radiology. 1982. doi:10.1148/radiology.143.1.7063747.
Google Scholar
Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. A method of comparing the areas under receiver operating characteristic curves derived from the same cases. Radiology. 1983. doi:10.1148/radiology.148.3.6878708.
Google Scholar
Snowdon A, Hussein A, Kent R, Pino L, Hachinski V. Comparison of an electronic and paper-based Montreal cognitive assessment tool. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2015. doi:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000069.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kraemer HC, Moritz DJ, Yesavage J. Adjusting mini-mental state examination scores for age and educational level to screen for dementia: correcting bias or reducing validity? Int Psychogeriatr. 1998. doi:10.1017/S1041610298005134.
PubMed
Google Scholar