Fig. 4

Cluster membership and longitudinal changes in all major AD biomarkers over a 5-year follow-up. Intercepts and slopes of the four clusters come from linear mixed-effects models. There were significant differences between all four clusters in the amount of change in MMSE, memory, executive function, and aVV (A–D). All pairwise differences in the rates of decline in aEV, aHV, and FDG-PET were significant, with the exception of comparable levels between the cluster 3 and 4 groups (E–G). However, four clusters exhibited similar rates of change in Aβ-PET, CSF Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau proteins (H–K). Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; aVV, adjusted ventricular volume; aEV, adjusted entorhinal cortex volume; aHV, adjusted hippocampal volume; FDG, fludeoxyglucose; SUVRs, standardized uptake value ratios; Aß42, ß-amyloid; t-tau, total tau; p-tau, phosphorylated tau