World Health Organization and Alzheimer’s Disease International. Dementia - a public health priority. 2012.
Google Scholar
Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, Fazio S, Kim H, Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016.
Article
Google Scholar
Kloppenborg RP, van den Berg E, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ. Diabetes and other vascular risk factors for dementia: which factor matters most? A systematic review. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;585:97–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.02.049.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Bruijn RFAG, Heeringa J, Wolters FJ, Franco OH, Stricker BHC, Hofman A, et al. Association between atrial fibrillation and dementia in the general population. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:1288–94. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.2161.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Winblad B, Marengoni A, Klarin I, Fastbom J, Fratiglioni L. Heart failure and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1003–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.9.1003.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Bruijn RFAG, Bos MJ, Portegies MLP, Hofman A, Franco OH, Koudstaal PJ, et al. The potential for prevention of dementia across two decades: the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study. BMC Med. 2015;13:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0377-5.
Article
Google Scholar
Jorm A, Jolley D. The incidence of dementia: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 1998;51:728–33.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Yazdanyar A, Newman AB. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25:563–vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.007.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Fratiglioni L. A major role for cardiovascular burden in age-related cognitive decline. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:267–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2014.223.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kawas CH, Kim RC, Sonnen JA, Bullain SS, Trieu T, Corrada MM. Multiple pathologies are common and related to dementia in the oldest-old. Neurology. 2015;85:535–42. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001831.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kapasi A, DeCarli C, Schneider JA. Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia. Acta Neuropathol. 2017;134:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-017-1717-7.
Article
Google Scholar
Power MC, Mormino E, Soldan A, James BD, Yu L, Armstrong NM, et al. Combined neuropathological pathways account for age-related risk of dementia; 2018. p. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25246.
Book
Google Scholar
Corrada MM, Hayden KM, Paganini-Hill A, Bullain SS, DeMoss J, Aguirre C, et al. Age of onset of hypertension and risk of dementia in the oldest-old: the 90+ study. Alzheimers Dement. 2017;13:103–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.09.007.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hofer SM, Sliwinski MJ. Understanding ageing. Gerontology. 2001;47:341–52. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052825.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Vlug AE, van der Lei J, Mosseveld BM, van Wijk MA, van der Linden PD, Sturkenboom MC, et al. Postmarketing surveillance based on electronic patient records: the IPCI project. Methods Inf Med. 1999;38:339–44.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
van Bussel EF, Richard E, Arts DL, Nooyens ACJ, Coloma PM, de Waal MWM, et al. Dementia incidence trend over 1992–2014 in the Netherlands: analysis of primary care data. PLoS Med. 2017;14:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002235.
Article
Google Scholar
Lamberts H, Wood M, Hofmans-Okkes IM. International primary care classifications: the effect of fifteen years of evolution. Fam Pract. 1992;9:330–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Chalise P, Chicken E, Mcgee D. Baseline age effect on parameter estimates in Cox models. J Stat Comput Simul. 2012;82:1767–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2011.595010.
Article
Google Scholar
Chalise P, Chicken E, Mcgee D. Performance and prediction for varying survival time scales. Commun Stat Simul Comput. 2013;42:636–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918.2011.650259.
Article
Google Scholar
Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496–509.
Article
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017. https://www.r-project.org/
Google Scholar
Fay M. rateratio.test: exact rate ratio test. R package version 1.0-2 2014. https://cran.r-project.org/package=rateratio.test.
Google Scholar
Therneau T. A package for survival analysis in S. version 2.38. 2015. https://cran.r-project.org/package=survival.
Google Scholar
Gray B. cmprsk: subdistribution analysis of competing risks. R package version 2.2-7 2014. https://cran.r-project.org/package=cmprsk.
Google Scholar
Barnes DE, Yaffe K. The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:819–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kennelly SP, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA. Blood pressure and the risk for dementia-a double edged sword. Ageing Res Rev. 2009;8:61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2008.11.001.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:487–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70141-1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Abell JG, Kivimäki M, Dugravot A, Tabak AG, Fayosse A, Shipley M, et al. Association between systolic blood pressure and dementia in the Whitehall II cohort study: role of age, duration, and threshold used to define hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy288.
Article
Google Scholar
Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM, Low L-F. Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysis. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;16:343–54. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.JGP.0000310778.20870.ae.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sundbøll J, Hováth-Puhó E, Adelborg K, Schmidt M, Pedersen L, Bøtker HE, et al. Higher risk of vascular dementia in myocardial infarction survivors. Circulation. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029127.
Article
Google Scholar
Vos SJB, Van Boxtel MPJ, Schiepers OJG, Deckers K, De Vugt M, Carrière I, et al. Modifiable risk factors for prevention of dementia in midlife, late life and the oldest-old: validation of the LIBRA Index. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58:537–47. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-161208.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Xu W, Qiu C, Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Johansson B. Mid- and late-life diabetes in relation to the risk of dementia. Diabetes. 2009;58:71–7. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-0586.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70284-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahtiluoto S, Polvikoski T, Peltonen M, Solomon A, Tuomilehto J, Winblad B, et al. Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia: a population-based neuropathologic study. Neurology. 2010;75:1195–202. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181f4d7f8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gomm W, Von Holt K, Thomé F, Broich K, Maier W, Fink A, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of dementia: a pharmacoepidemiological claims data analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:410–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4791.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Corraini P, Henderson VW, Ording AG, Pedersen L, Horváth-Puhó E, Sørensen HT. Long-term risk of dementia among survivors of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. 2017;48:180–6. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015242.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Sjögren M, Gustafson D, Ostling S, Steen B, et al. High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Neurology. 2005;64:1689–95. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000161870.78572.A5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Low diastolic pressure and risk of dementia in very old people: a longitudinal study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;28:213–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000236913.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Trieu T, Sajjadi SA, Kawas CH, Nelson PT, Corrada MM. Risk factors of hippocampal sclerosis in the oldest old: the 90+ study. Neurology. 2018;91:e1788–98. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006455.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
van Exel E, de Craen AJM, Remarque EJ, Gussekloo J, Houx P, Bootsma-van der Wiel A, et al. Interaction of atherosclerosis and inflammation in elderly subjects with poor cognitive function. Neurology. 2003;61:1695–701. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000098877.07653.7C.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rebeck GW, Perls TT, West HL, Sodhi P, Lipsitz LA, Hyman BT. Reduced apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele frequency in the oldest old Alzheimer’s patients and cognitively normal individuals. Neurology. 1994;44:1513–6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Bangen KJ, Beiser A, Delano-Wood L, Nation DA, Lamar M, Libon DJ, et al. APOE genotype modifies the relationship between midlife vascular risk factors and later cognitive decline. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:1361–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.03.013.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Perna L, Mons U, Brenner H, Rujescu D, Kliegel M. Apolipoprotein E e4 and cognitive function: a modifiable association? Results from two independent cohort studies. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2016;41:35–45. https://doi.org/10.1159/000440697.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Noordam R, Aarts N, Verhamme KM, Sturkenboom MCM, Stricker BH, Visser LE. Prescription and indication trends of antidepressant drugs in the Netherlands between 1996 and 2012: a dynamic population-based study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71:369–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-014-1803-x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schrijvers EMC, Verhaaren BFJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Ikram MA, Breteler MMB. Is dementia incidence declining? Trends in dementia incidence 15 since 1990 in the Rotterdam Study. Neurology. 2012:1456–63. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182553be6.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mosterd A, Hoes AW. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart. 2007;93:1137–46. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2003.025270.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zoni-Berisso M, Lercari F, Carazza T, Domenicucci S. Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: European perspective. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:213–20. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S47385.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Walters K, Hardoon S, Petersen I, Iliffe S, Omar RZ, Nazareth I, et al. Predicting dementia risk in primary care: development and validation of the dementia risk score using routinely collected data. BMC Med. 2016;14:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0549-y.
Article
Google Scholar
Sharma M, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Trends in incidence, prevalence and prescribing in type 2 diabetes mellitus between 2000 and 2013 in primary care: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2016;6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010210.
Article
Google Scholar
Bots ML, Looman SJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Hoes AW, Grobbee DE, et al. Prevalence of stroke in the general population. The Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 1996;27:1499–501. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.27.9.1499.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control. Circulation. 2016;134:441–50. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tóth PP, Potter D, Ming EE. Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006. J Clin Lipidol. 2012;6:325–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2012.05.002.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Bramlage P, Lösch C, Hauner H, Schunkert H, Vogt A, et al. Dyslipidemia in primary care - prevalence, recognition, treatment and control: data from the German Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Project (GEMCAS). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008;7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-7-31.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. 2017;135. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.