Subjective cognitive complaints and blood biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases: a longitudinal cohort study

Table 4 Longitudinal association of subjective cognitive complaints, APOE ε4 genotype, and blood biomarkers with risk of depression over 17-year follow-up among participants without dementia (ESTHER cohort)

	Incident depression (n = 505), N (%)	No incident depression (n = 4065), N (%)	Model 1^a odds ratio (95%CI), p-value^c	Model 2^b odds ratio (95%CI), p-value^c
Subjective cognitive complaints
No	131 (25.9)	1310 (32.2)	Reference	Reference
Occasional	309 (61.2)	2373 (58.4)	1.41 (1.13–1.76), 0.0022	1.43 (1.15–1.80), 0.0025
Persistent	65 (12.9)	382 (9.4)	2.05 (1.46–2.87), < 0.0001	2.00 (1.41–2.84), 0.0001
*APOE* ε4
APOE ε4 − ^d	349 (69.1)	2885 (71.0)	Reference	Reference
APOE ε4^e	130 (25.7)	960 (23.6)	1.06 (0.85–1.32), 0.5960	1.07 (0.85–1.33), 0.5800
Subgroup with biomarker measurements	n = 44	n = 360
GFAP
GFAP_Q1–3	35 (79.6)	263 (73.1)	Reference	Reference
GFAP_Q4	9 (20.4)	95 (26.4)	0.66 (0.29–1.51), 0.3225	0.68 (0.28–1.63), 0.3828
NfL chain
NfL_Q1–3	37 (84.1)	263 (73.5)	Reference	Reference
NfL_Q4	7 (15.9)	95 (26.5)	0.50 (0.20–1.26), 0.1408	0.51 (0.20–1.34), 0.1737
p-tau181
p-tau181_Q1–3	30 (68.2)	273 (75.8)	Reference	Reference
p-tau181_Q4	14 (31.8)	87 (24.2)	1.45 (0.72–2.96), 0.3020	1.61 (0.77–3.37), 0.2041

Percentages might not sum up to 100 because of rounding and missing values
In this sample GFAP_Q4 ≥ 109.0 pg/mL; NfL_Q4 ≥ 18.90 pg/mL; p-tau181_Q4 ≥ 1.96 pg/mL
CI confidence interval, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, NfL neurofilament light chain, p-tau181 phosphorylated tau181, Q quartile
^aLogistic regression model 1 adjusted for age (continuous), sex, and educational level
^bLogistic regression model 2 additionally adjusted for lifetime history of stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and APOE ε4 genotype (exception: subgroup analyses including APOE ε4 genotype)
^cp-value derived from the logistic regression models
^dAPOE ε4 + ; participants carrying the APOE ε4 allele (ε2ε4, ε3ε4, ε4ε4)
^eAPOE ε4 − ; participants not carrying the APOE ε4 allele (ε2ε2, ε3ε2, ε3ε3)

ISSN: 1758-9193