Table 3 Longitudinal association of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases and subjective cognitive complaints with risk of all-cause dementia (ESTHER cohort, nested case–control study)

Subjective cognitive complaints

 No

36 (15.9)

115 (24.2)

Reference

Reference

 Occasional

142 (62.8)

303 (63.7)

1.22 (0.75–1.96), 0.4220

1.26 (0.76–2.08), 0.3748

 Persistent

48 (21.2)

58 (12.2)

1.70 (0.93–3.12), 0.0874

1.58 (0.82–3.05), 0.1684

GFAP

 GFAP_Q1–3

117 (51.8)

403 (84.7)

Reference

Reference

 GFAP_Q4

109 (48.2)

70 (14.7)

2.93 (1.94–4.41), < 0.0001

3.17 (2.03–4.95), < 0.0001

Subjective cognitive complaints and GFAP

 No and GFAP_Q1–3

22 (9.7)

104 (21.8)

Reference

Reference

 No and GFAP_Q4

14 (6.2)

10 (2.1)

4.06 (1.41–11.68), 0.0093

3.98 (1.27–12.48), 0.0180

 Occasional and GFAP_Q1–3

76 (33.6)

251 (52.7)

1.30 (0.74–2.29), 0.3575

1.31 (0.73–2.38), 0.3674

 Occasional and GFAP_Q4

66 (29.2)

51 (10.7)

2.81 (1.47–5.38), 0.0017

3.02 (1.51–6.01), 0.0017

 Persistent and GFAP_Q1–3

19 (8.4)

48 (10.1)

1.22 (0.57–2.63), 0.6138

0.99 (0.43–2.30), 0.9809

 Persistent and GFAP_Q4

29 (12.8)

9 (1.9)

7.39 (2.89–18.88), < 0.0001

7.52 (2.79–20.29), < 0.0001

NfL

 NfL_Q1–3

136 (60.2)

388 (81.5)

Reference

Reference

 NfL_Q4

90 (39.8)

85 (17.9)

1.32 (0.87–2.00), 0.1926

1.38 (0.88–2.17), 0.1573

Subjective cognitive complaints and NfL

 No and NfL_Q1–3

22 (9.7)

96 (20.2)

Reference

Reference

 No and NfL_Q4

14 (6.2)

18 (3.8)

1.35 (0.53–3.41), 0.5273

1.52 (0.57–4.07), 0.4025

 Occasional and NfL_Q1–3

83 (36.7)

249 (52.3)

1.18 (0.66–2.10), 0.5737

1.25 (0.68–2.31), 0.4662

 Occasional and NfL_Q4

59 (26.1)

53 (11.1)

1.77 (0.91–3.46), 0.0950

1.95 (0.96–3.99), 0.0664

 Persistent and NfL_Q1–3

31 (13.7)

43 (9.0)

2.05 (0.99–4.25), 0.0547

2.00 (0.91–4.42), 0.0851

 Persistent and NfL_Q4

17 (7.5)

14 (2.9)

1.70 (0.66–4.36), 0.2689

1.63 (0.60–4.44), 0.3385

p-tau181

 p-tau181_Q1–3

152 (67.3)

386 (81.1)

Reference

Reference

 p-tau181_Q4

74 (32.7)

90 (18.9)

1.20 (0.80–1.82), 0.3809

1.21 (0.78–1.89), 0.3936

Subjective cognitive complaints and p-tau181

 No and p-tau181_Q1–3

24 (10.6)

93 (19.5)

Reference

Reference

 No and p-tau181_Q4

12 (5.3)

22 (4.6)

1.07 (0.42–2.72), 0.8875

1.00 (0.37–2.69), 0.9959

 Occasional and p-tau181_Q1–3

97 (42.9)

248 (52.1)

1.18 (0.67–2.07), 0.5685

1.18 (0.65–2.13), 0.5909

 Occasional and p-tau181_Q4

45 (19.9)

55 (11.6)

1.46 (0.74–2.87), 0.2749

1.55 (0.76–3.19), 0.2308

 Persistent and p-tau181_Q1–3

31 (13.7)

45 (9.5)

1.63 (0.79–3.34), 0.1854

1.53 (0.71–3.31), 0.2796

 Persistent and p-tau181_Q4

17 (7.5)

13 (2.7)

2.07 (0.79–5.43), 0.1413

1.73 (0.62–4.81), 0.2966