Fig. 5

Additional experiments showed autophagy impairment in an in vitro model of AD. Flow cytometry was used to detect (A) autophagic flux in mRFP-GFP-LC3 HT22 cells with or without oligomeric Aβ42 damage for 24 h; corresponding graphs show changes in (B) autophagosomes and (C) autolysosomes; n = 4. D Western blots and (E) corresponding graphs show protein levels of LC3-II:I with in the control, control + CQ for 24 h, Aβ (oligomeric Aβ42 intervention for 24 h), and Aβ + CQ (oligomeric Aβ42 and CQ treatment for 24 h) groups; n = 4. F mRFP-GFP-LC3 HT22 cell fluorescence in the control and starvation (serum and glucose deprivation [SGD]) groups; corresponding graph shows RFP:GFP ratio. Scale bar, 75 μm; n = 3. G mRFP-GFP-LC3 HT22 cell fluorescence in control and Aβ groups; corresponding graph shows RFP:GFP ratio. Scale bar, 75 μm; n = 5. H Transmission electron microscope images of the hippocampus of 3xTg and 3xTg + PACAP mice: (i and iii) morphology of nuclei (blue arrows) and autophagosomes or autolysosomes (red and yellow arrows); scale bar, 5 μm. (ii and iv) Enlarged depictions of (i and iii) (yellow arrows); scale bar, 0.5 μm. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001