From: Blood biomarkers and neurodegeneration in individuals exposed to repetitive head impacts
 | Active boxer | Active MMA | Retired boxer | Control |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hippocampus (left) |  − 0.09 (− 0.31, 0.13) |  − 0.04 (− 0.34, 0.26) |  − 0.28 (− 0.49, − 0.08)** | 0.19 (− 0.37, 0.76) |
Lateral ventricle | 1.13 (0.43, 1.84)** | 1.27 (0.30, 2.24)* | 2.19 (1.53, 2.85)*** | 1.73 (− 0.06, 3.52) |
Inferior lateral ventricle |  − 0.01 (− 0.12, 0.11) |  − 0.01 (− 0.18, 0.15) | 0.46 (0.35, 0.57)*** |  − 0.10 (− 0.40, 0.20) |
Total gray | 13.24 (− 3.96, 30.44) | 12.65 (− 36.54, 11.25) | 32.21 (− 48.20, − 16.22)*** | 36.66 (− 81.66, 8.34) |
Psychomotor speed |  − 0.008 (− 0.028, 0.012) |  − 0.018 (− 0.045, 0.010) |  − 0.020 (− 0.038, − 0.002)*** | 0.114 (0.061, 0.167) |
Reaction time | 0.003 (− 0.111, 0.117) |  − 0.016 (− 0.173, 0.141) | 0.200 (0.097, 0.303)*** |  − 0.052 (− 0.363, 0.259) |
Verbal memory | 0.001 (− 0.006, 0.008) |  − 0.011 (− 0.020, − 0.002) |  − 0.003 (− 0.009,- 0.003)* | 0.008 (− 0.010, 0.027) |