Table 2 Relationship between GFAP baseline levels and MRI regional volumes with 95% confidence interval, with no reference. MRI volumes are measured in mm3. For cognitive measures, scores are computed from raw score calculations using the data values of individual subtests and are simply the number of correct responses, incorrect responses, and reaction times. Reaction times are in milliseconds. Lower scores of verbal memory, processing speed, and psychomotor speed indicate worse performance; for reaction time, higher scores are worse
From: Blood biomarkers and neurodegeneration in individuals exposed to repetitive head impacts
| Â | Active boxer | Active MMA | Retired boxer | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain regions | ||||
 Thalamus |  − 2.46 (− 4.00, − 0.93)* |  − 0.43 (− 2.53, 1.68) |  − 4.12 (− 6.44, − 1.81)*** | 0.20 (− 3.27, 3.67) |
 Caudate |  − 0.09 (− 0.93, 1.11) |  − 1.10 (− 2.50, 0.30) |  − 1.06 (− 2.60, 0.48) | 0.35 (− 1.96, 2.65) |
 Hippocampus |  − 0.20 (− 1.23, 0.84) |  − 0.76 (− 2.17, 0.66) |  − 1.90 (− 3.46, − 0.34)* |  − 2.02 (− 4.36, 0.31) |
 Amygdala | 0.16 (− 0.33, 0.65) | 0.20 (− 0.46, 0.87) |  − 0.44 (− 1.18, 0.30) | 0.10 (− 1.00, 1.21) |
 Lateral ventricle | 15.41 (1.76, 29.06)* |  − 2.75 (− 21.48, 15.99) | 20.19 (− 0.45, 40.82) | 16.47 (− 14.40, 47.35) |
 Inferior lateral ventricle | 0.27 (− 0.59, 1.14) | 0.15 (− 1.03, 1.34) | 1.46 (0.15, 2.76)* | 0.07 (− 2.02, 1.88) |
 Corpus callosum (posterior) | 0.11 (− 0.35, 0.56) | 0.27 (− 0.90, 0.35) | 0.00 (− 0.69, 0.69) | 0.25 (− 1.28, 0.79) |
 White matter |  − 63.23 (− 149.20, 22.75) |  − 24.52 (− 142.55, 93.50) |  − 140.74 (− 270.74, − 10.74)* |  − 116.32 (− 310.82, 78.18) |
 Total gray |  − 7.62 (− 16.80, 1.57) |  − 2.36 (− 14.97, 10.24) |  − 21.58 (− 35.46, − 7.69)** | 2.53 (− 18.24, 23.31) |
Cognitive measures | ||||
 Processing speed |  − 0.05 (− 0.14, 0.04) |  − 0.04 (− 0.16, 0.09) |  − 0.25 (− 0.38, − 0.11)*** |  − 0.06 (− 0.26, 0.15) |
 Psychomotor speed | 0.06 (− 0.13, 0.00) | 0.02 (− 0.11, 0.08) | 0.09 (− 0.19, 0.02) |  − 0.21 (− 0.36, 0.05) |
 Verbal memory |  − 0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01) | 0.01 (− 0.01, 0.03) |  − 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.01) | 0.00 (− 0.03, 0.03) |
 Reaction time | 0.23 (− 0.11, 0.58) | 0.00 (− 0.47, 0.48) | 0.47 (− 0.05, 0.99) |  − 0.22 (− 1.00, 0.56) |
 Choice reaction time | 0.08 (-0.10, 0.25) | 0.21 (− 0.02, 0.44) | 0.24 (− 0.02, 0.50) | 0.27 (− 0.12, 0.65) |