Fig. 3

Funnel plot of algorithm performance by study. This funnel plot is a specialized form of the scatterplot, uniquely tailored for the analysis and visualization of data behavior between minimal and maximum metrics. Its primary function is to assist in identifying anomalies or outliers within the data set. In a funnel plot, data points are depicted as dots and plotted within a funnel-shaped graphical field. The shape of the funnel serves as a visual guideline, delineating the expected range of variation based on statistical norms. Consequently, any data point, or dot, that is plotted outside this funnel shape is classified as an outlier, indicating a substantial deviation from the anticipated pattern or range. In the context of this review, it is noteworthy that all the metrics derived from the studies are plotted within the confines of the funnel. This suggests that there is a consistent pattern in the data, with no significant anomalies or outliers detected. It implies that the metrics of the studies fall within the expected range and adhere to the statistical norms, reinforcing the reliability and validity of the reviewed studies