Table 6 Results of multiple linear regression analyses including walking intensity \(\times\) one covariate interaction term, predicting cognition (n = 188)

High-intensity walking

41.256

35.464

1.221

0.246

29.587

21.785

1.465

0.176

1.844

16.789

0.127

0.913

Low-intensity walking

18.925

29.918

0.588

0.528

36.497

18.378

1.897

0.049

 − 2.501

14.164

− 0.181

0.860

Age

− 0.325

0.308

− 0.108

0.293

− 0.079

0.189

− 0.044

0.675

− 0.152

0.146

− 0.118

0.300

High-intensity walking \(\times\) age

− 0.397

0.490

− 0.836

0.419

− 0.314

0.301

− 1.105

0.299

0.002

0.232

0.012

0.992

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) age

− 0.172

0.408

− 0.389

0.673

− 0.440

0.250

− 1.661

0.081

0.036

0.193

0.191

0.851

High-intensity walking

13.494

4.910

0.399

0.007

7.691

3.042

0.381

0.012

1.135

2.309

0.078

0.624

Low-intensity walking

4.739

3.888

0.147

0.225

3.822

2.409

0.199

0.114

− 0.980

1.828

− 0.071

0.593

Sex

− 6.349

4.105

− 0.186

0.124

− 2.415

2.544

− 0.118

0.344

− 3.857

1.931

− 0.263

0.047

High-intensity walking \(\times\) sex

− 1.580

4.979

− 0.035

0.751

 − 2.572

3.085

− 0.095

0.406

3.286

2.342

0.169

0.162

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) sex

7.042

5.303

0.112

0.186

2.658

3.286

0.071

0.420

3.252

2.686

0.120

0.228

High-intensity walking

14.601

4.860

0.432

0.003

7.501

2.997

0.371

0.013

2.572

2.299

0.178

0.265

Low-intensity walking

7.768

3.888

0.241

0.047

5.466

2.408

0.284

0.024

0.468

1.847

0.034

0.800

APOE4

− 2.730

3.969

− 0.069

0.493

− 2.869

2.457

− 0.121

0.245

− 0.142

1.885

− 0.008

0.940

High-intensity walking \(\times\) APOE4

− 9.706

6.496

− 0.119

0.137

− 4.329

4.022

− 0.089

0.283

− 2.615

3.085

− 0.075

0.398

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) APOE4

− 5.650

5.292

− 0.102

0.287

− 4.697

3.277

− 0.142

0.154

− 1.128

2.514

− 0.048

0.654

High-intensity walking

10.886

6.236

0.322

0.083

8.570

3.856

0.424

0.028

0.193

2.931

0.013

0.948

Low-intensity walking

4.164

5.151

0.129

0.420

4.065

3.185

0.211

0.204

− 2.208

2.421

− 0.160

0.363

Education

4.509

2.006

0.267

0.026

3.377

1.241

0.335

0.007

1.041

0.943

0.144

0.271

High-intensity walking \(\times\) education

1.258

2.584

0.082

0.627

− 1.074

1.598

− 0.118

0.502

1.285

1.215

0.196

0.292

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) education

1.549

2.519

0.090

0.540

0.146

1.558

0.014

0.926

1.707

1.184

0.232

0.151

High-intensity walking

10.830

4.408

0.320

0.015

4.375

2.307

0.217

0.060

1.723

1.425

0.119

0.229

Low-intensity walking

4.811

3.686

0.149

0.194

3.101

1.929

0.161

0.110

− 0.371

1.395

− 0.027

0.791

Clinical diagnosis

− 14.080

2.743

 − 0.449

< 0.001

− 12.049

1.436

− 0.643

< 0.001

 − 2.957

1.475

− 0.220

0.047

High-intensity walking \(\times\) clinical diagnosis

1.335

4.166

0.027

0.749

3.066

2.181

0.103

0.162

 − 0.051

2.238

 − 0.002

0.982

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) clinical diagnosis

1.656

3.823

0.040

0.665

1.429

2.001

0.058

0.476

0.734

2.056

0.041

0.722

High-intensity walking

11.353

5.205

0.336

0.031

5.167

3.213

0.256

0.110

1.619

2.454

0.112

0.510

Low-intensity walking

5.852

4.522

0.182

0.197

3.287

2.792

0.171

0.241

0.818

2.132

0.059

0.702

GDS

− 5.027

3.211

− 0.162

0.119

− 2.381

1.982

− 0.128

0.231

− 1.961

1.514

− 0.147

0.197

High-intensity walking \(\times\) GDS

2.954

4.736

0.062

0.534

3.258

2.923

0.114

0.267

1.095

2.233

0.053

0.624

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) GDS

0.796

4.469

0.021

0.859

2.035

2.759

0.090

0.462

− 1.176

2.107

− 0.073

0.578

High-intensity walking

27.001

9.966

0.799

0.007

13.000

6.194

0.644

0.037

5.042

4.748

0.348

0.290

Low-intensity walking

4.310

7.702

0.134

0.576

2.589

4.787

0.135

0.589

− 0.795

3.669

− 0.058

0.829

Annual income

4.410

2.279

0.200

0.055

2.528

1.417

0.192

0.076

2.225

1.086

0.238

0.039

High-intensity walking \(\times\) annual income

− 5.698

3.634

− 0.461

0.119

− 2.470

2.259

− 0.334

0.276

− 1.178

1.731

− 0.222

0.497

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) annual income

0.678

2.975

0.053

0.820

0.717

1.849

0.094

0.699

0.367

1.417

0.067

0.796

High-intensity walking

9.116

5.437

0.270

0.095

5.797

3.377

0.287

0.088

− 0.234

2.558

− 0.016

0.927

Low-intensity walking

4.535

4.948

0.141

0.361

2.771

3.073

0.144

0.369

− 1.004

2.328

− 0.073

0.667

VRS

− 0.049

0.093

 − 0.059

0.598

− 0.044

0.058

− 0.089

0.446

− 0.019

0.044

− 0.052

0.669

High-intensity walking \(\times\) VRS

0.163

0.121

0.165

0.181

0.032

0.075

0.054

0.674

0.103

0.057

0.244

0.073

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) VRS

0.074

0.123

0.073

0.548

0.062

0.076

0.102

0.415

0.048

0.058

0.110

0.406

High-intensity walking

16.931

5.682

0.501

0.003

9.787

3.503

0.485

0.006

4.966

2.669

0.343

0.065

Low-intensity walking

6.979

4.750

0.217

0.144

4.066

2.929

0.211

0.167

0.956

2.231

0.069

0669

Overall physical activity

0.068

0.029

0.203

0.021

0.036

0.018

0.182

0.044

0.025

0.014

0.177

0.065

High-intensity walking \(\times\) overall PA

− 0.071

0.054

− 0.164

0.190

− 0.053

0.033

− 0.204

0.114

− 0.018

0.023

− 0.097

0.427

Low-intensity walking \(\times\) overall PA

− 0.015

0.045

− 0.038

0.744

0.002

0.028

0.009

0.940

0.007

0.017

0.043

0.680