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Table 4 Results of multiple linear regression analyses of the association between walking intensity and cognition (n = 188)

From: High-intensity walking in midlife is associated with improved memory in physically capable older adults

 

Total score

Memory score

Non-memory score

B

SE

\(\beta\)

p

B

SE

\(\beta\)

p

B

SE

\(\beta\)

p

Overall walking (n = 125)

 Model 1a

  High

11.839

2.613

0.350

< 0.001

5.180

1.573

0.256

0.001

3.650

1.189

0.252

0.002

  Low

3.369

2.441

0.105

0.169

2.466

1.469

0.128

0.095

0.363

1.111

0.026

0.744

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Model 2b

  High

8.693

2.390

0.257

< 0.001

3.797

0.188

0.188

0.011

2.011

1.126

0.139

0.076

  Low

3.229

2.180

0.100

0.140

2.191

1.351

0.114

0.107

0.104

1.027

0.008

0.919

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Model 3c

  High

12.729

4.664

0.377

0.007

6.743

2.887

0.334

0.021

2.054

2.204

0.142

0.353

  Low

6.279

3.730

0.195

0.094

4.418

2.309

0.230

0.057

0.136

1.763

0.010

0.939

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Midlife-initiated walking (n = 103)

 Model 1a

  High

12.960

2.901

0.360

< 0.001

5.675

1.729

0.271

0.001

3.863

1.308

0.253

0.004

  Low

3.459

2.668

0.103

0.197

2.790

1.590

0.143

0.081

0.503

1.203

0.035

0.676

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Model 2b

  High

9.390

2.671

0.261

< 0.001

3.949

1.654

0.188

0.018

1.910

1.243

0.125

0.127

  Low

2.902

2.363

0.086

0.221

2.286

1.463

0.117

0.120

0.166

1.100

0.012

0.880

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Model 3c

  High

16.624

5.373

0.462

0.002

9.360

3.314

0.446

0.005

2.686

2.570

0.176

0.288

  Low

8.175

4.138

0.244

0.050

6.231

2.552

0.318

0.016

0.732

1.941

0.051

0.707

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Late life-initiated walking (n = 22)

 Model 1a

  High

7.700

4.284

0.192

0.076

3.736

2.915

0.137

0.204

3.244

2.036

0.176

0.115

  Low

3.067

4.557

0.073

0.503

0.907

3.101

0.032

0.771

− 0.131

2.166

− 0.007

0.952

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Model 2b

  High

9.947

4.272

0.247

0.023

5.833

2.983

0.214

0.055

3.225

2.167

0.175

0.142

  Low

1.705

4.374

0.041

0.698

0.379

3.055

0.013

0.902

− 1.190

2.220

− 0.062

0.594

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Model 3c

  High

− 4.518

9.567

− 0.112

0.638

− 4.244

6.681

− 0.156

0.528

− 3.200

4.880

− 0.174

0.514

  Low

− 12.085

9.255

− 0.289

0.196

− 9.228

6.464

− 0.325

0.158

− 7.315

4.721

− 0.382

0.126

  None

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 
  1. For these analyses, we used the no walking (n = 63) as the reference
  2. APOE4, apolipoprotein ε4; GDS, geriatric depression scale; VRS, vascular risk score; BMI, body mass index
  3. aAdjusted for age, sex, and APOE4
  4. bAdjusted for covariates in model 1 plus, education, clinical diagnosis, GDS, annual income, alcohol intake, smoking, VRS, BMI, dietary pattern including food types (such as protein and fruit or vegetables), serum nutritional markers (such as hemoglobin, albumin, glucose, and HDL-/LDL-cholesterol), and overall physical activity score
  5. cAdjusted for covariates in model 2 plus, walking duration
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193