Fig. 6

AD-related changes in amplitude-based connectivity, as measured by amplitude envelope correlation (AECc), in awake moving APP/PS1 mice and human mutation carriers. In the legend, ^ refers to a significant main effect of genotype; * refers to a significant interaction effect of genotype × time. Significant results from uncorrected two-sample tests are depicted by red bars on the x-axis. a Graphical representation of amplitude-based connectivity. Amplitude-based connectivity refers to the correlation of the amplitude of two oscillatory signals. In the current study, the AECc was analyzed for frontal cortex–parietal cortex connections (dark blue) and for frontal cortex–hippocampus connections (purple). b Frontal cortex–parietal cortex AECc spectrogram for 3-month-old (left) and 12-month-old (right) mice. c Frontal cortex–hippocampus AECc spectrogram for 3-month-old (left) and 12-month-old (right) mice. d Frontal cortex–parietal cortex mean AECc per frequency band over the 9-month recording period. β1: ^. e Frontal cortex–hippocampus mean AECc per frequency band over the 9-month recording period. β1: ^; β2: ^*. f Frontal cortex–parietal cortex (left) and frontal cortex–hippocampus (right) AECc spectrograms for human mutation carriers (MC) and controls (HC). g Quantification of amplitude-based connectivity between the frontal cortex and parietal cortex (left) and between the frontal cortex and hippocampus (right) per frequency band in humans. A decrease in AECc beta connectivity was found between the frontal cortex and parietal cortex, while other bands did not show significant differences (δ: W = 0.922, p = 0.357; θ/α: W = 1.247, p = 0.212; β1: W = 1.789, p = 0.0736; β2: W = 2.765, p = 0.00570; γ: W = 0.542, p = 0.588). Similarly, connectivity between the frontal cortex and hippocampus was decreased in the beta frequency band (δ: W = 0.515, p = 0.607; θ/α: W = 0.569, p = 0.569; β1: W = 1.708, p = 0.0877; β2: W = 2.0328, p = 0.0421; γ: W =  − 0.976, p = 0.329)