Fig. 5
From: Neurophysiological alterations in mice and humans carrying mutations in APP and PSEN1 genes
AD-related changes in phase-based connectivity, as measured by the weighted phase lag index (wPLI), in awake moving APP/PS1 mice and human mutation carriers. In the legend, ^ refers to a significant main effect of genotype; * refers to a significant interaction effect of genotype × time. Significant results from uncorrected two-sample tests are depicted by red bars on the x-axis. a Graphical representation of phase-based connectivity. Phase-based connectivity refers to the correlation of relative phase between two oscillatory signals. In the current study, the wPLI was analyzed for frontal cortex (FC)–parietal cortex (PTC) connections (dark blue) and for frontal cortex–hippocampus (HPC) connections (purple). b, c wPLI spectrogram for 3-month-old (left) and 12-month-old (right) mice for frontal cortex–parietal cortex (b) and frontal cortex–hippocampus (c). d, e Mean wPLI per frequency band over the 9-month recording period for frontal cortex–parietal cortex (θ/α: ^*) (d) and frontal cortex–hippocampus (θ/α: ^) (e). Frequency bands from left to right: delta (1–5 Hz), theta/alpha (5–13 Hz), beta 1 (13–20 Hz), beta 2 (20–30 Hz), gamma (30–50 Hz). f wPLI spectrograms for frontal cortex–parietal cortex (left) and frontal cortex–hippocampus (right) in human mutation carriers. g Quantification of phase-based connectivity between the frontal cortex and parietal cortex (left) and between the frontal cortex and hippocampus (right) per frequency band in mutation carriers (MC) and healthy controls (HC). Frequency bands within graphs from left to right: delta (1–4 Hz), theta/alpha (4–13 Hz), beta 1 (13–20 Hz), beta 2 (20–30 Hz), low gamma (30–50 Hz). No significant differences were found in wPLI between frontal cortex and parietal cortex (δ: W = 0.407, p = 0.684; θ/α: W = 0.352, p = 0.725; β1: W =  − 1.138, p = 0.255; β2: W =  − 1.870, p = 0.0615; γ: W = 1.138, p = 0.255) or frontal cortex and hippocampus (δ: W = 1.030, p = 0.303; θ/α: W = 0.271, p = 0.786; β1: W =  − 0.0542, p = 0.957; β2: W = 0.0813, p = 0.935), except for an increase in connectivity at gamma frequencies (γ: W =  − 2.467, p = 0.0136)