Plasma apolipoprotein E levels, isoform composition, and dimer profile in relation to plasma lipids in racially diverse patients with Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment

Table 1 Cohort demographics and clinical characteristics

Race/ethnicity	Diagnosis	N (females/males)	APOE ε4 (− / − , + / − , + / +)	Age (years)	Education (years)	MMSE score	CSF t-tau/Aβ₄₂	CSF sTREM2 (pg/mL)
Whole cohort (n = 125)	Controls	53 (31/22)	35, 17, 1	69.2 ± 7.2	16.0 (10.0–22.0)	29.0 (24–30)	0.15 (0.06–3.09)	340.0 ± 123.7
	MCI	48 (25/23)	22, 21, 5	70.1 ± 6.7	16.0 (12.0–22.0)	27.0^* (22.0–30.0)	0.27 (0.06–3.4)	325.2 ± 104.6
	AD	24 (13/11)	5, 13, 6	68.6 ± 8.9	16.0 (12.0–22.0)	22.0^***,f (10.0–28.0)	0.86^***,f (0.17–3.84)	352.2 ± 126.8
	p-value	–^a	0.001^a	–^b	–^c	< 0.001^c	< 0.001^c	–^b
B/AAs (n = 58)	Controls	25 (15/10)	18, 7, 0	67.4 ± 6.3	16.0 (10.0–22.0)	29.0 (24.0–30.0)	0.12 (0.07–0.51)	254.3 (109.7–446.7)
	MCI	24 (11/13)	11, 11, 2	68.9 ± 7.5	16.0 (12.0–22.0)	26.0 (22.0–30.0)	0.22 (0.06–3.40)	288.7 (101.2–449.3)
	AD	9 (5/4)	1, 6, 2	71.1 ± 10.2	18.0 (14.0–22.0)	21.0^***,f (10.0–25.0)	0.62^*** (0.17–1.35)	249.3 (143.0–482.9)
	p-value	–^a	0.014^a	–^b	–^c	< 0.001^c	< 0.001^c	- ^b
NHWs (n = 67)	Controls	28 (16/12)	17, 10, 1	70.9 ± 7.7	17.0 (12.0–22.0)	29 (27.0–30.0)	0.19 (0.06–3.09)	381.0 (256.9–658.8)
	MCI	24 (14/10)	11, 10, 3	71.3 ± 5.9	17.0^e (12.0–22.0)	28 (25.0–30.0)	0.41 (0.10–2.29)	356.3 (213.5–614.3)
	AD	15 (8/7)	4, 7, 4	67.1 ± 7.9	14.0^** (12.0–18.0)	22.0^***,f (15.0–28.0)	0.99^***,d (0.19–3.84)	366.9 (241.8–695.5)
	p-value	–^a	–^a	–^b	0.002^c	< 0.001^c	< 0.001^c	–^b

Values are represented as average ± standard deviation or as median (minimum–maximum). p-values were obtained after comparisons between the diagnostic groups using ^achi-square, ^bANOVA, or ^cKruskal-Wallis. “–”: non-significant. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, and ***p ≤ 0.001 indicate comparison between MCI or AD patients and controls. ^dp ≤ 0.05, ^ep ≤ 0.01, ^fp ≤ 0.001 indicate comparison between AD and MCI patients. Comparison between the diagnostic groups was performed by utilizing Dunn’s post hoc test followed by Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (n = 3)
B/AAs Black/African-Americans, NHWs Non-Hispanic whites, MCI Patients with mild cognitive impairment, AD Patients with Alzheimer’s disease, APOE Apolipoprotein E gene; − / − , + / − , + / + , APOE ε4 non-carriers, heterozygous, and homozygous, respectively, MMSE Mini-mental state examination score, Aβ₄₂, amyloid-β42 peptide; t-tau, total tau, sTREM2 soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2

ISSN: 1758-9193