Table 1 Summary characteristics of studies included in systematic review and meta-analysis

[44]

Alsadany, 2013

AD

25

72.2 (5.9)

56

IL-8

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

25

72.8 (4.1)

52

[45]

Andrés-Benito, 2020

AD

19

64 (8.6)

82

CXCL12 (SDF-1)

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

7

NR

HC

70

67 (10.6)

81

[46]

Blasko, 2006

AD

23

71.9 (9.6)

65

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

27

66.9 (9.4)

52

[47]

Boccardi, 2019

MCI

73

77.5 (6.3)

61.6

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

Petersen

HC

87

75.9 (9)

59.8

[48]

Bonaccorso, 1998

AD

15

55.2 (22.2)

47

IL-8

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

DSM-III-R

HC

31

75.6 (9.1)

55

[49]

Bonotis, 2008

AD

49

75.8 (6.2)

57.1

IL-8

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

21

71.2 (4.4)

52.4

[40]

Björkqvist, 2012

AD

142

76 (56–87)

28

CCL18, CCL5, CCL7, CXCL8, CCL15

Quantibody Array

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

174

74 (62–99)

67

[32]

Choi, 2008

AD

11

73.5 (4.0)

81.8

IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 (+ CSF), RANTES, Eotaxin, MIP-1α

Luminex xMAP™

Case–control

CSF/serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

13

68.5 (7.2)

61.5

[50]

Corrêa, 2011

AD

22

74.7 (10.2)

77.3

MCP-1, CXCL8, CXCL10

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

27

64.4 (11.1)

44.5

[51]

Corsi, 2011

AD

70

75.6 (7.2)

61

IL-8, MCP-1

Biochip Array

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

6

73.4 (1.1)

67

[52]

Delaby, 2015

AD

24

70.8 (8.7)

52

IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1β, MIP-3β, RANTES, GRO-α, GRO-γ

ECL/ELISA

Case–control

CSF/

serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

31

66.6 (13.3)

67

[53]

Dong, 2018

AD

26

66.6 (52–83)

69.2

IL-8, MCP-1

Luminex xMAP™

Prospective cohort

Serum

8

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

16

71.0 (53–84)

50

HC

22

71.6 (60–88)

72.7

[54]

Faura, 2020

AD

36

77 (72.5–83)

66.7

CCL23

ELISA

Cross-section

Serum

8

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

11

77 (72.5–83)

66.7

[55]

Fenoglio, 2004

AD

269

75 (51–101)

71

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

203

72 (46–96)

54.2

[56]

Galimberti, 2006

AD

94

79.1 (7)

75

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

48

74.7 (6.8)

60

HC

24

71.5 (9.8)

29

[57]

Galimberti, 2006

AD

22

59.4 (4.2)

59

IP-10, IL-8, MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

38

68 (10.5)

63

HC

41

64 (29.5)

63

[58]

Gongora-River, 2019

AD

29

75.3 (7.3)

82.8

CCL27, CXCL12, CCL7, CXCL9

Luminex xMAP™

Case–control

Serum

8

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

49

72.85 (6.6)

75.5

[59]

Grewal, 2016

MCI

45

76.2 (8.1)

100

MCP-1, eotaxin

Luminex xMAP™

Case–control

Plasma

7

DSM-V

HC

30

72.97 (8.8)

100

[60]

Gupta, 2017

AD

92

77.0 (7.4)

57

CCL1

ECL

Cross-section

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

65

74.8 (7.5)

55

HC

554

69.79 (6.5)

60

[61]

Hazen, 2020

AD

154

74.9 (7.4)

58.4

CCL2, CCL4

Luminex xMAP™

Prospective cohort

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

88

71.3 (10.3)

47.7

[62]

He, 2017

AD

19

71.1 (35.4)

47.4

CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL15, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL22, CCL24, CCL26, CCL27, CX3CL1, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13, CXCL8

Luminex xMAP™

Case–control

Plasma

6

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

19

70.2 (24.1)

47.4

[63]

Hesse, 2016

AD

41/36

68(9.5)/68 (5.9)

71/69

IL-8

ECL

Case–control

CSF

/serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

23/24

69(11.6)/70(9.5)

57/50

[28]

Hochstrasser, 2011

AD

92

78.8 (7.1)

77.2

CCL4, CCL2, CCL22, CCL15, CXCL9

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

/Petersen

MCI

67

73.8 (8)

65.7

HC

40

72.2 (6.3)

52.5

[25]

Kim, 2008

AD

51

78.2 (6.1)

82.4

CX3CL1

ELISA

Cross-section

Plasma

8

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

51

74.6 (7.0)

80.4

HC

57

70.5 (3.8)

70.2

[64]

Kim, 2011

AD

18

75.9 (6)

50

MCP-1, IL-8

ELISA

Cross-section

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

20

76.1 (2.8)

45

HC

21

75.5 (1.3)

52.4

[65]

King, 2019

MCI

38

75.6 (1.2)

34

IL-8

ECL

Cross-section

Plasma

7

NIA-AA

HC

20

75.9 (1.6)

20

[66]

Kulczyńska -Przybik, 2020

AD

42

72.5 (51–89)

NR

CCL2, CX3CL1

ELISA

Cross-section

CSF

/serum

7

NIA-AA

MCI

18

72.5 (51–89)

NR

HC

20

72.5 (51–89)

NR

[67]

Laske, 2008

AD

30

70.5 (8.2)

60

CXCL12

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

30

69.9 (11.1)

33.3

[43]

Lee, 2008

AD

10

82.7 (8.4)

70

CCL27, CXCL1, CCL7, CXCL12, CXCL9

BPC

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

25

72.1 (5.6)

64

HC

19

71.4 (5.3)

68.4

[23]

Lee, 2018

AD

310

80.1 (7.2)

44.8

MCP-1

Luminex xMAP™

Prospective cohort

Plasma

7

NIA-AA

MCI

66

75.4 (8.2)

47

HC

120

74.9 (7.8)

45.8

[41]

Leung, 2013

AD

117

76.2 (6.1)

66.7

IL-8, Eotaxin-1, IP-10, MCP-1

Bio-Plex Luminex 200

Prospective cohort

Plasma

7

NR

MCI

122

739 (5.6)

49.2

HC

112

72.3 (6.7)

53.6

[68]

Li, 2008

AD

138

78.3 (5.9)

39

MIP-1α

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

8

DSM-III-R

HC

180

69.7 (4.2)

31

[31]

Liang, 2021

AD

28

78.3 (8.8)

75

IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, RANTES, CCL3, CCL4, Eotaxin-1

ECL

Cross-section

Plasma

7

NIA-AA

MCI

51

75.6 (8.6)

78.4

HC

12

66.3 (5.9)

75

[69]

Llano, 2012

AD

15

22.1 (35.9)

20

IL-8

ECL

Cross-section

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

7

29.1 (3.5)

29

[70]

Lourenco, 2021

AD

14

67.8 (4.8)

71

IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α

ELISA

Cross-section

CSF

7

NR

MCI

14

71.6 (5.9)

43

HC

25

67.8 (4.8)

60

[71]

Magaki, 2007

AD

7

79.14 (0.99)

57

IL-8

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

DSM-IV/Petersen

MCI

31

75.1 (1.3)

52

HC

21

73.1 (1.6)

67

[72]

Magdalinou, 2015

AD

26

62.8 (7.7)

65.4

MCP-1

Immunoassays

Prospective cohort

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

30

59.8 (9.8)

50

[29]

Marksteiner, 2011

AD

96

77.0 (0.8)

NR

IL-8, MCP-3, MIP1δ, MIP4, RANTES

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA/Petersen

MCI

44

73.5 (1.2)

NR

HC

19

72.1 (1.3)

42

[73]

Mattsson, 2011

AD

25

74 (4)

56

IL-8, MCP-1

ELISA

Cross-section

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

13

71 (4)

62

HC

19

74 (5)

53

[33]

Mohd, 2017

AD

39

80.7 (6.4)

56

IL-8, CXCX1, CXCL10, MCP-1, MIP-1α

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

39

72.1 (5.04)

38

[20]

Morgan, 2019

AD

262

75.9 (6.2)

NR

MCP-1, Eotaxin-1, MIP-1β

ECL

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

199

74.8 (5.8)

NR

HC

259

72.9 (6.7)

NR

[74]

Nordengen, 2019

AD

27

67.6 (5.2)

48

MCP-1, fractalkine

QuickPlex SQ 120 system

Case–control

CSF

7

NIA-AA

MCI

40

66.6 (7.4)

57

HC

36

61.1 (9.2)

53

[26]

O’Bryant, 2016

AD

79

76.1 (8.6)

38

CCL26, CCL17, CCL1

ECL

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

65

71.2 (9.2)

53

[30]

Pedrini, 2017

AD

67

76 (7)

66

MCP-1, EOTAXN3, TARC

ECL

Prospective cohort

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

39

75 (6)

44

HC

559

69 (6)

58

[21]

Perea, 2018

AD

14

68 (4.2)

64.3

Fractalkine

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

/serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

14

70 (3.52)

64.3

HC

14

64 (2.9)

50

[75]

Porcellini, 2013

AD

291

75.1 (8)

NR

MCP-1

BPC

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS/ADRDA

HC

148

71.6 (4.7)

NR

[76]

Rauchmann, 2020

AD

188

74.7 (7.5)

43

IP-10

ECL

Case–control

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA/NIA-AA

HC

94

75.1 (7.1)

38.3

[77]

Reale, 2012

AD

38

73.8 (5.5)

47.4

MCP-1, RANTES

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

39

72.7 (4.8)

53.8

[78]

Rosén, 2014

AD

25

67.2 (17.5)

64

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

25

60.1 (8.7)

64

[79]

Schipke, 2019

AD

81

81.9 (7.8)

67

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

79

64.5 (2.7)

35

[80]

Shi, 2011

AD

50

68.1 (9.5)

38

Fractalkine

ELISA

Cross-section

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

137

58.9 (18.4)

45

[42]

Soares, 2009

AD

19

81.0 (4.8)

63.2

RANTES, IL-8

Luminex xMAP

Prospective cohort

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

22

76.5 (7.5)

63.6

[27]

Villarrea,2015

AD

28

81.9 (9.2)

78.6

I309, CCL17, CCL26, CCL3

ECL

Cross-section

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

30

81.2 (7.8)

66.7

HC

77

76.5 (6.7)

64.9

[81]

Wennström, 2015

AD

49

77.1 (6)

76

MCP-1, IL-8, IP-10

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

7

DSM-III-R

HC

44

63.7 (10.3)

52

[24]

Westin, 2012

AD

47

74 (6)

21

CCL2, CCL11, CCL13, CCL26

ELISA

Prospective cohort

CSF

/plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

52

64 (9)

46

HC

30

72 (8)

57

[82]

Wu, 2015

AD

41

73.1 (9.4)

65.9

Fractalkine

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS

HC

40

63.0 (5.6)

67.5

[83]

Xu, 2021

AD

212

73.4 (8.5)

55.7

MCP-1

Luminex xMAP™

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

268

73.2 (8.7)

55.2

[84]

Yu, 2005

AD

11

65.5 (11.9)

36

IL8

ELISA

Case–control

CSF

/serum

6

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

13

63.7 (12.8)

46

[85]

Zhang, 2008

AD

48

70 (9)

40

IL-8

Immunobead-based multiplex

Case–control

CSF

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

12

71 (12)

33

HC

95

63 (12)

54

[86]

Zhang, 2013

AD

24

77.9 (7.7)

58.5

MCP-1

ELISA

Case–control

Plasma

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

HC

31

75.4 (9.5)

48.4

[87]

Zhu, 2017

AD

96

77.3 (7.3)

62.5

IL-8

Luminex xMAP™

Case–control

Serum

7

NINCDS-ADRDA

MCI

140

71.23 (8.1)

47.9

HC

79

68.3 (6.0)

51.9