Dementia and psychotropic medications are associated with significantly higher mortality in geriatric patients hospitalized with COVID-19: data from the StockholmGeroCovid project

Table 3 Risk of in-hospital, 30-day, 90-day, 365-day, and total post-discharge mortality in relation to dementia and antipsychotic usage in patients with COVID-19

		Patients with COVID-19—hazard ratios (95% CI)
		Unadjusted model	Model 1	Model 2
In-hospital mortality
Dementia		2.11 (1.75–2.54)**	1.81 (1.48–2.20)**	1.69 (1.38–2.07)**
Antipsychotics	Baseline effect	5.25 (3.67–7.51)**	4.67 (3.25–6.72)**	3.58 (2.43–5.26)**
Antipsychotics	Antipsychotics × time^a	0.92 (0.89–0.96)**	0.93 (0.90–0.97)**	0.95 (0.91–0.98)*
30-day post-discharge mortality
Dementia		1.61 (1.25–2.08)**	1.46 (1.12–1.91)*	1.40 (1.07–1.83)*
Antipsychotics		1.54 (1.15–2.06)*	1.60 (1.18–2.16)*	1.49 (1.09–2.04)*
90-day post-discharge mortality
Dementia		1.71 (1.39–2.11)**	1.58 (1.27–1.97)**	1.50 (1.20–1.87)**
Antipsychotics		1.59 (1.25–2.03)**	1.63 (1.26–2.10)**	1.48 (1.13–1.92)*
365-day post-discharge mortality
Dementia		1.62 (1.37–1.92)**	1.56 (1.30–1.86)**	1.49 (1.25–1.78)**
Antipsychotics		1.56 (1.28–1.90)**	1.62 (1.33–1.99)**	1.46 (1.19–1.80)**
Overall post-discharge mortality
Dementia		1.54 (1.31–1.81)**	1.52 (1.28–1.80)**	1.47 (1.25–1.74)**
Antipsychotics		1.46 (1.21–1.76)**	1.52 (1.26–1.84)**	1.39 (1.14–1.70)*

^aSex, SpO₂, and antipsychotic use violated the proportionality of hazards assumption in some models—presented as interaction mode where appropriate. *p-value <0.05; **p-value <0.001. In the unadjusted model, the variables were entered into the equation separately; model 1 was adjusted for dementia, antipsychotics, age, sex, and CCI categories, while model 2 was further adjusted for SpO2 at admission and prescription of statins, hypnotics, and sedatives at hospital admission or day after admission. Results are based on the Cox regression models

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