Table 2 Sample characteristics
From: Neuropsychological test performance of former American football players
Former football players (n = 170) | Former professional (n = 111) | Former college (n = 59) | Asymptomatic unexposed men(n = 57) | P-valued | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age, mean (SD) years | 57.5 (8.1) | 59.6 (7.6) | 53.6 (7.7) | 59.2 (8.3) | 0.17 |
Education, mean (SD) years | 16.7 (1.5) | 16.6 (1.1) | 17.0 (1.9) | 17.4 (3.4) | 0.14 |
Racea, n (%) | 0.58 | ||||
American Indian or Alaska Native | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.0 (0.9) | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Black or African American | 55.0 (32.4) | 45.0 (40.5) | 10.0 (16.9) | 21.0 (36.8) | |
Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 (1.8) | |
White | 110 (64.7) | 63.0 (56.8) | 47.0 (79.7) | 35 (61.4) | |
Multiple races | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.0 | |
Not reported | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.0 (0.9) | 1.0 (1.7) | 0.0 | |
Ethnicity, n (%) | -- | ||||
Hispanic or Latino | 3.0 (1.8) | 3.0 (2.7) | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Body mass index, mean (SD) kg/m2 | 32.5 (4.5) | 31.8 (4.3) | 33.7 (4.8) | 30.8 (4.6) | 0.02 |
Neurodevelopment | |||||
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, n (%) | 14.0 (8.2) | 5.0 (4.5) | 9.0 (15.3) | 1.0 (1.8) | -- |
Learning disability, n (%) | 5.0 (2.9) | 2.0 (1.8) | 3.0 (5.1) | 0.0 | -- |
Athletic | |||||
Total years of football, mean (SD) years | 15.8 (4.4) | 18.0 (3.3) | 11.5 (2.6) | - | -- |
Age of first exposure to football, mean (SD) years | 11.1 (2.8) | 11.6 (2.7) | 10.2 (2.6) | - | -- |
Primary position at highest level of play, n (%) | -- | ||||
Offensive lineman | 42.0 (24.7) | 20.0 (18.0) | 22.0 (37.3) | - | |
Offensive back or receiver | 44.0 (25.9) | 31.0 (27.9) | 13.0 (22.0) | - | |
Defensive lineman | 19.0 (11.2) | 14.0 (12.6) | 5.0 (8.5) | - | |
Linebacker | 27.0 (15.9) | 20.0 (18.0) | 7.0 (11.9) | - | |
Defensive back | 34.0 (20.0) | 22.0 (19.8) | 12.0 (20.3) | - | |
Special teams | 4.0 (2.4) | 4.0 (3.6) | 0.0 | - | |
Reported number of post-definition concussions, median (IQR)b | 30 (88) | 30 (88) | 25 (88) | -- | -- |
APOE genotype | |||||
ε4 carrierc, n (%) | 49.0 (28.8) | 30.0 (27.0) | 19.0 (32.2) | 11.0 (19.3) | 0.21 |