Fig. 4

Identification of GVBs in human PD substantia nigra. a Representative confocal images of a GVB+ neuron in the PD SN showing the GVB marker pPERK (magenta), the p-αsyn129 marker for phosphorylated α-syn (green) and the neuron-specific dendrite marker MAP2 (grey). b Representative confocal images of a GVB+ neuron in the PD SN showing co-localisation of the canonical GVB marker CK1δ (magenta) and the additional GVB core marker pPERK (green). The neuron-specific marker MAP2 is in grey. Nuclei are visualised with DAPI (blue). c Immunohistochemical DAB staining of CK1δ and haematoxylin to show the typical GVB morphology. The black arrowhead in the zoom shows the dense GVB core and the white arrowhead points to the GVB membrane. d Representative confocal images of a GVB+ neuron in the PD SN showing the GVB marker CK1δ (magenta) and the lysosomal membrane marker LIMP2 (green). Insets for two GVBs are separately shown for better visualisation of the spatial relation between the GVB membrane marker and the core