Table 4 Cognitive performance and brain structure comparison by education level and reading activities

Age

62.66±9.79

61.34±7.73

0.299

58.63±8.09

55.67±9.5

0.825

Gender female (n, %)

39, 54.9%

138, 61.9%

0.297

50, 51.0%

33, 49.3%

0.824

Education years

10.44±1.95

9.58±2.42

0.007

16.37±1.08

16.18±0.72

0.180

Global CDR score

0.14±0.23

0.24±0.44

0.323

0.08±0.20

0.13±0.28

0.236

MMSE

25.04±3.13

23.33±4.97

0.001

26.94±2.35

26.42±3.34

0.241

MoCA

21.26±4.05

18.9±5.37

0.001

24.9±2.82

24.22±4.52

0.280

DST total

11.59±2.27

10.45±2.53

0.001

12.82±2.26

13.21±3.19

0.387

RAVLT total learning

35.97±9.55

33.81±11.85

0.123

42.85±9.45

44.44±12.02

0.345

RAVLT long-delayed recall

6.07±3.43

6.03±3.79

0.931

8.73±3.29

8.53±3.88

0.726

ROCF copy

30.36±8.25

27.99±10.07

0.167

33.96±5.08

30.84±9.53

0.186

ROCF long-delayed recall

14.33±8.32

10.39±8.73

0.012

18.31±6.95

14.05±9.92

0.096

Stroop D time

18.19±7.84

23.31±17.69

0.001

15.91±4.35

16.75±8.88

0.419

Stroop W time

24.97±9.69

28.59±14.85

0.019

20.42±6

20.72±11.21

0.844

TMT-A time

50.89±25.93

62.56±33.49

0.003

39.39±16.34

43.62±40.19

0.419

TMT-B time

128.57±91.74

139.01±90.87

0.405

82.26±44.79

79.91±54.49

0.764

BNT

23.97±3.87

21.08±4.43

<0.001

25.77±2.81

24.96±2.45

0.057

SDMT

33.07±12.71

29.31±13.05

0.035

44.21±11.89

43.84±15.18

0.864

CDT

8.59±1.92

7.82±2.50

0.008

8.94±1.69

8.98±1.87

0.870

NPI

1.31±4.25

1.89±6.29

0.478

0.83±2.09

1.65±4.97

0.206

Brain structure

 Left hippocampal volume, mm²

3391.25±442.13

3372.73±419.86

0.759

3580.93±455.11

3587.09±411.2

0.93

 Left amygdala volume, mm²

1487.93±400.96

1494.7±333.99

0.889

1444.95±319.72

1443.14±289.65

0.971

 Left thalamus volume, mm²

6927.86±912.39

6868.82±894.71

0.635

6844.53±902.39

6902.71±1077.97

0.713

 Left caudate volume, mm²

3274.19±590.97

3326.22±577.32

0.518

3347.72±546.78

3204.22±589.96

0.118

 Left putamen volume, mm²

4613.36±742.16

4634.88±700.9

0.827

4647.23±600.29

4543.36±777.51

0.344

 Left pallidum volume, mm²

1958.16±291.24

1922.58±236.29

0.307

1926.63±253.55

1896.81±246.62

0.463

 Left cortex volume, mm²

215,000.93±24,471.4

216,524.19±23,482.27

0.643

212,619.25±24,800.12

213,376.89±27,526.83

0.857

 Left cerebral white matter volume, mm²

225,861.59±35,115.03

222,804.26±27,795.56

0.51

217,545.76±29,530.28

221,041.16±33,286.15

0.488

 Left mean cortical thickness, mm

2.37±0.12

2.36±0.11

0.34

2.38±0.11

2.38±0.1

0.796

 Right hippocampal volume, mm²

3533.42±467.04

3449.84±500.66

0.205

3695.9±417.79

3720.84±445.47

0.723

 Right amygdala volume, mm²

1638.97±387.11

1671.78±333.05

0.495

1646.86±334.66

1639.52±320.52

0.89

 Right thalamus volume, mm²

6739.93±910.74

6682.39±802.96

0.617

6571.9±886.17

6627.11±891.5

0.701

 Right caudate volume, mm²

3326.03±602.96

3389.53±553.2

0.418

3396.05±628.68

3257.71±572.69

0.161

 Right putamen volume, mm²

4702.98±639.94

4757.25±691.4

0.564

4723.38±655.7

4700.38±759.94

0.839

 Right pallidum volume, mm²

1939.62±285.7

1925.39±250.47

0.692

1935.71±280.49

1903.42±262.42

0.466

 Right cortex volume, mm²

214,709.43±24,120.85

216,498.29±23,889.7

0.589

211,079.33±26,149.49

213,429.13±26,517.63

0.581

 Right cerebral white matter volume, mm²

225,512.97±34,160.89

221,859.89±27,599.24

0.42

215,805.29±29,593.22

220,808.98±32,622.88

0.317

 Right mean cortical thickness, mm

2.37±0.12

2.35±0.11

0.142

2.38±0.11

2.37±0.11

0.427

 Cortex volume, mm²

429,710.36±48,310.18

433,022.48±47,001.73

0.613

423,698.58±50,582.34

426,806.01±53,831.66

0.712

Subcortex gray volume, mm²

54,504.63±6480.09

54,534.15±5891.59

0.972

54,151.2±5827.67

53,933.42±6713.47

0.828

 Total gray volume, mm²

582,730.42±62,282.68

586,201.27±58,202.35

0.672

576,181.75±62,013.7

578,021.34±65,196.6

0.858

 Cerebral white matter volume, mm²

451,374.56±69,166.21

444,664.14±55,202.29

0.463

433,351.05±58,867.31

441,850.14±65,823.54

0.396

 WM hyperintensities volume, mm²

3602.52±4963.72

3090.02±4398.62

0.416

3925.16±6044.47

2460.48±3165.75

0.048

 Brain segmentation volume, mm²

1,093,169.74±123,689.54

1,087,857.27±108,324.4

0.733

1,065,497.73±113,587.95

1,071,699.19±127,357.94

0.748

 eTIV, mm²

1,440,816.13±159,459

1,443,942.62±148,911.25

0.882

1,422,070.61±165,054.25

1,422,138.01±159,346.57

0.998

 Brain segmentation volume to eTIV, %

76.03±5.26

75.55±5.18

0.507

75.26±6.19

75.54±6.03

0.783