Table 1 Demographic, clinical information, cognitive test scores, and MRI variables in reading and non-reading groups

Average age

60.33±9.04

60.03±8.5

60.14±8.69

0.727

Sex female, (n, %)

89, 52.7%

171, 59.0%

260, 56.6%

0.189

Years of education

13.88±3.3

11.1±3.52

12.12±3.69

<0.001

Hypertension (n, %)

57, 33.7%

96, 33.1%

153, 33.3%

0.918

Diabetes (n, %)

19, 11.2%

34, 11.7%

53, 11.5%

0.882

Stroke or TIA (n, %)

11, 6.5%

21, 7.2%

32, 7.0%

0.851

Coronary heart disease (n, %)

14, 8.3%

18, 6.2%

32, 7.0%

0.449

Global CDR score

0.11±0.21

0.22±0.41

0.18±0.36

0.001

MMSE

26.15±2.85

24.04±4.82

24.82±4.32

<0.001

MoCA

23.38±3.82

20.13±5.64

21.33±5.29

<0.001

DST total

12.3±2.34

11.09±2.93

11.54±2.79

<0.001

RAVLT total learning

39.98±10.06

36.26±12.68

37.63±11.91

0.001

RAVLT long-delayed recall

8.01±3.44

6.85±3.85

7.28±3.74

0.001

ROCF copy

32.34±6.91

28.48±10

30.36±8.83

0.001

ROCF long-delayed recall

16.5±7.82

11.03±9.01

13.69±8.87

<0.001

Stroop D time

16.86±6.13

21.8±16.31

19.97±13.67

<0.001

Stroop W time

22.32±8.05

26.77±14.46

25.12±12.65

<0.001

TMT-A time

44.18±21.57

58.17±35.98

52.98±32.11

<0.001

TMT-B time

101.55±71.89

125.32±87.41

116.51±82.72

0.002

BNT

25.02±3.4

21.99±4.37

23.11±4.29

<0.001

SDMT

39.57±13.39

32.71±14.89

35.25±14.72

<0.001

CDT

8.79±1.79

8.09±2.42

8.35±2.23

<0.001

NPI

1.03±3.17

1.83±6.01

1.54±5.15

0.064

 Left hippocampal volume, mm²

3496.15±427.05

3436.04±451.65

3458.79±442.97

0.170

 Left amygdala volume, mm²

1463.18±355.93

1482.53±324.29

1475.21±336.34

0.561

 Left thalamus volume, mm²

6879.88±904.81

6876.82±939.2

6877.98±925.29

0.973

 Left caudate volume, mm²

3316.52±565.36

3297.41±581.55

3304.64±574.9

0.737

 Left putamen volume, mm²

4632.86±662.24

4613.26±719.29

4620.68±697.55

0.776

 Left pallidum volume, mm²

1940±269.78

1916.5±238.56

1925.39±250.78

0.343

 Left cortex volume, mm²

213,629.66±24,614.53

215,780.91±24,480.75

214,966.79±24,525.43

0.375

 Left cerebral white matter volume, mm²

221,073.68±32,180.9

222,387.88±29,129.85

221,890.53±30,290.75

0.661

 Left mean cortical thickness, mm

2.37±0.11

2.38±0.12

2.37±0.11

0.516

 Right hippocampal volume, mm²

3605.87±487.08

3571.79±460.36

3584.69±470.39

0.464

 Right amygdala volume, mm²

1643.52±356.73

1664.16±329.83

1656.35±340

0.539

 Right thalamus volume, mm²

6643.18±897.79

6669.33±823.35

6659.44±851.36

0.756

 Right caudate volume, mm²

3366.34±617.01

3358.4±559.61

3361.41±581.31

0.869

 Right putamen volume, mm²

4714.73±647.17

4743.82±707.15

4732.81±684.46

0.667

 Right pallidum volume, mm²

1937.36±281.85

1920.2±253.02

1926.7±264.11

0.511

 Right cortex volume, mm²

212,619.37±25,297.4

215,773.47±24,519.75

214,579.83±24,835.2

0.199

 Right cerebral white matter volume, mm²

219,923.7±31,876.29

221,611.7±28,804.31

220,972.9±29,978.85

0.569

 Right mean cortical thickness, mm

2.36±0.11

2.37±0.12

2.37±0.11

0.151

 Cortex volume, mm²

426,249.03±49,571.32

431,554.38±48,668.99

429,546.62±49,023.28

0.274

 Subcortex gray volume, mm²

54,301.14±6096.21

54,392.28±6088.1

54,357.79±6084.32

0.88

 Total gray volume, mm²

440,997.39±63,865.8

443,999.58±57,770.04

442,863.43±60,094.68

0.613

 Cerebral white matter volume, mm²

3788.28±5597.58

2941.34±4143.9

3261.86±4758.19

0.093

 WM hyperintensities volume, mm²

578,959.97±62,023.02

584,269.48±59,903.83

582,260.15±60,698.27

0.376

 Brain segmentation volume, mm²

1,077,237.37±118,406.82

1,084,041.34±113,069.4

1,081,466.44±115,030.46

0.488

 eTIV, mm²

1,430,023.25±162,478.34

1,438,793.2±151,423.56

1,435,474.3±155,572.46

0.499

 Brain segmentation volume to eTIV, %

75.59±5.81

75.55±5.38

75.56±5.54

0.941