Fig. 2
From: Perspectives and challenges in patient stratification in Alzheimer’s disease
![Fig. 2](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13195-022-01055-y/MediaObjects/13195_2022_1055_Fig2_HTML.png)
Tools for AD stratification. Aβ, amyloid-β; APOE ε4, apolipoprotein E ε4; APP, amyloid precursor protein; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; FDG, fluorodeoxyglucose; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GPCOG, General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NfL, neurofilament light chain; PET, positron emission tomography; PSEN, presenilin; pTau, phosphorylated tau; tTau, total tau