Table 5 Risk of bias assessment of the included studies
Study | Domain 1: Risk of bias arising from the randomization process | Domain 2: Risk of bias due to deviations from the intended intervention | Domain 3: Risk of bias due to missing outcome data | Domain 4: Risk of bias in measurement of the outcome | Domain 5: Risk of bias in selection of the reported result | Overall risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
De Oliveira et al. [26] | Low concerns | High concerns | High concerns | High concerns | Some concerns | High concerns |
Hoffman et al. [37] | Some concerns | Some concerns | Low concerns | Low concerns | Low concerns | Some concerns |
Karssemeijer et al. [39] | Low concerns | Some concerns | Low concerns | Low concerns | Low concerns | Some concerns |
Lamb et al. [42] | Low concerns | Some concerns | Low concerns | Low concerns | Low concerns | Some concerns |
Low concerns | Some concerns | Low concerns | High concerns | High concerns | High concerns | |
Park et al. [38] | Some concerns | Some concerns | High concerns | High concerns | Some concerns | High concerns |
Yu et al. [40] | Low concerns | Low concerns | High concerns | Low concerns | High concerns | High concerns |