Skip to main content

Table 1 Demographics, cognitive status, vascular risk factors, and AD imaging biomarkers of participant groups in the baseline

From: Intracranial internal carotid artery calcification is not predictive of future cognitive decline

 

Total (n=230)

Control (n=106)

Converter (n=52)

Impaired (n=72)

p-value§§

Age, years (mean ± SD§)

73.7±6.7

73.2±6.6

73.1±6.7

74.8±6.9

0.418

Sex

 Men (n (%))

121 (52.6)

54 (50.9)

26 (50)

41 (56.9)

0.669

 Women (n (%))

109 (47.7)

52 (49.1)

26 (50)

31 (43.1)

Race

 Caucasian (n (%))

197 (85.6)

93 (87.8)

43 (82.7)

61 (84.7)

0.466

 African-American (n (%))

25 (10.9)

11 (10.4)

6 (11.5)

8 (11.2)

 Native American (n (%))

1 (<1)

0 (0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0)

 Unknown (n (%))

7 (3)

2 (1.8)

2 (3.9)

3 (4.1)

MMSE score (median (Q1–Q3))§

29 (28–30)

29 (29–30)

29 (28–30)###

28 (26–29)***

<0.001

CDR-SB (median (min–max))

0 (1)

0 (0–0.5)

0 (0–0.5)###

1.5 (0.5–6)***

<0.001

PACC score (median (Q1–Q3))

0.04 (−0.21–0.25)

0.13 (−0.03–0.41)

0.084 (−0.15–0.23)#

−0.23 (−0.41–0.04)***

<0.001

WMH volume, mm3 (mean ± SD)

16,072±24,128

18,024±19,131

21,819±18,562

29,603±26,163**

0.005

Ln ICA Ca score (median (Q1–Q3))

3.2 (0–4.8)

3.4 (0.69–4.8)

2.9 (0–4.05)

3.2 (0–5.2)

0.349

Ln ICA Ca volume (median (Q1–Q3))

3.7 (0–4.9)

3.94 (1.55–4.96)

3.6 (0–4.4)

3.5 (0–5.2)

0.520

Total hippocampal volume, mm3 (mean ± SD)

7004±967.6

7397±793

6991±844#

6397±1008***

<0.001

AD cortical signature thickness, mm (mean ± SD)

2.5±0.15

2.5±0.12

2.5±0.13#

2.4±0.17***

<0.001

Centiloid (mean ± SD)

6.9 (69.9)

3.4±35.3

66.5±83.2

15.3±75.1***

<0.001

Amyloid positivity (negative/positive)

114/116

70/36

23/29

21/51

<0.001

  1. Asterisks represent significant post hoc tests following the Kruskal-Wallis or ANOVA models: *<0.05, **<0.005, and ***<0.0001 represent post hoc models showing the significant difference from the control group while #<0.05, ##<0.005, and ###<0.0001 show significant difference from the impaired group
  2. Abbreviations: Control, participants with CDR = 0 throughout all visits, Converter: participants converting from CDR = 0 to CDR > 0 in any of the follow-up visits, Impaired, participants with CDR > 0 in the baseline visit, MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination, CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, CDR-SB, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes, PACC, Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite, WMH volume, white matter hyperintensities volume, AA, African-American, C, Caucasian, Nat, Native American, U, unknown race, Ln ICA Ca score/volume, natural log-transformed internal carotid artery Agatston calcium score/volume, AD cortical signature thickness, cortical thickness in signature regions affected in Alzheimer disease (see Dincer et al. 2020), Centiloid, measure of global amyloid disposition based on the conversion of PIB or AV45 PET SUVRs to a standardized scale. Amyloid positivity was defined based on Centiloid values > 16.4
  3. §Data is reported in form of mean ±standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed variables and as median plus the first and third quartiles (Q1–Q3) for variables without normal distribution. Normality was determined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test
  4. §§Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare ICA Ca score and volume, MMSE, and PACC scores between the three baseline groups. Comparison for all other variables was conducted using an ANOVA model. Bold values indicate the test with statistical significance considering a threshold of 0.05
Back to article page

Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193