Table 1 Demographic characteristics and the neuropsychological assessments among study participants

 Gender, female, n (%)

260 (57.6)

82 (62.6)

14 (35.9)

69 (61.1)

31 (46.3)

38 (60.3)

26 (68.4)

0.011

 Age, y, mean (SD)

68.6 (8.8)

69.2 (7.1)

69.6 (9.3)

70.0 (8.0)

67.7 (9.7)

69.1 (10.8)

62.3 (8.2)

<0.001

 Education years, mean (SD)

10.3 (4.1)

11.8 (2.9)

13.6 (3.6)

10.2 (3.6)

10.3 (3.6)

8.4 (4.6)

5.6 (4.0)

<0.001

 Smoking, n (%)

79 (17.5)

17 (13.0)

5 (12.8)

23 (20.4)

15 (22.4)

12 (19.0)

7 (18.4)

0.529

 Alcohol consumption, n (%)

77 (17.1)

19 (14.5)

4 (10.3)

21 (18.6)

18 (26.9)

12 (19.0)

3 (7.9)

0.139

 Hypertension, n (%)

168 (37.3)

53 (40.5)

17 (43.6)

44 (38.9)

23 (34.3)

22 (34.9)

9 (23.7)

0.461

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

68 (15.1)

19 (14.5)

7 (17.9)

19 (16.8)

8 (11.9)

10 (15.9)

5 (13.2)

0.933

 APOE ε4-positive, n (%)

161 (35.7)

13 (9.9)

12 (30.8)

48 (42.5)

30 (44.8)

36 (57.1)

22 (57.9)

<0.001

 MMSE score, mean (SD)

23.3 (6.7)

29.0 (1.3)

27.7 (1.7)

25.8 (1.9)

21.9 (1.4)

15.7 (2.3)

7.4 (2.6)

<0.001

 Memory^a, median [Q1, Q3]

−0.07 [−1.18, 0.72]

0.87 [0.56, 1.50]

0.16 [−0.23, 0.72]

−0.23 [−0.71, 0.72]

−0.71 [−1.18, −0.23]

−1.18 [−1.18, −0.82]

−1.18 [−1.18, −1.18]

<0.001

 Execution function^a, median [Q1, Q3]

0.43 [−1.25, 0.43]

0.43 [0.43, 0.43]

0.43 [0.43, 1.49]

−0.41 [−1.25, 1.28]

0.43 [−1.25, 0.43]

−1.25 [−1.25, −0.41]

−1.25 [−1.25, −1.25]

<0.001

 Attention^a, median [Q1, Q3]

0.43 [−0.39, 0.83]

0.83 [0.67, 0.83]

0.69 [0.40, 0.83]

0.43 [−0.21, 0.83]

−0.36 [−0.78, 0.43]

−1.46 [−1.99, −0.39]

−2.01 [−2.42, −2.01]

<0.001

 Language^a, median [Q1, Q3]

0.58 [−0.27, 0.72]

0.72 [0.58, 0.72]

0.58 [0.16, 0.72]

−0.27 [−0.66, 0.72]

−0.27 [−1.16, 0.72]

−0.27 [−1.26, 0.72]

−1.26 [−2.25, −0.27]

<0.001

 Visuospatial function^a, median [Q1, Q3]

0.31 [−0.63, 0.93]

0.93 [0.62, 0.93]

0.76 [0.31, 0.93]

0.15 [−0.32, 0.62]

−0.63 [−1.25, −0.005]

−1.25 [−1.87, −0.32]

−1.87 [−2.18, −1.02]

<0.001