Fig. 1

PWV is associated with age and sex but does not differ by APOE ε4 or AD CSF biomarker status. A PWV is shown as a function of age for male and female participants. Regression lines fit separately by sex show nearly identical slopes, with men showing consistently higher PWV across the age range. B Boxplot of PWV as a function of APOE genotype shows no difference between those with an APOE ε4 allele (ε2ε4, ε3ε4, ε4ε4) and those without (ε2ε2, ε2ε3, ε3ε3). C PWV is plotted as a function of AD biomarker level (tau/Aβ ratio). A regression line shows no association. The dashed vertical line represents the biomarker positivity threshold (> 0.52)