Table 2 Baseline characteristics and plasma S1P levels of participants based on to their cognitive groups (n = 384)
Characteristics | NCI (n = 80) | CIND (n = 160) | AD (n = 113) | VaD (n = 31) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic and disease variables | |||||
Age, years, mean (SD) | 68.8 (6.3) | 72.0 (8.1)* | 76.2 (7.7)*† | 72.9 (8.8) | < 0.001 |
Female, no.(%) | 41 (51.3) | 80 (50.0) | 77 (68.1) | 11 (35.5) | 0.002 |
Education ≤ primary, no.(%) | 25 (31.3) | 83 (51.9) | 30 (26.6) | 14 (45.2) | < 0.001 |
APOE4 carrier, no.(%) | 14 (17.5) | 49 (30.6) | 40 (35.4) | 8 (25.8) | 0.051 |
Hypertension, no.(%) | 45 (56.3) | 109 (68.1) | 90 (79.7) | 31 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes, no.(%) | 18 (22.5) | 55 (34.4) | 47 (41.6) | 16 (51.6) | 0.01 |
Cardiovascular disease, no.(%) | 5 (6.3) | 26 (16.3) | 21 (18.6) | 12 (38.7) | 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia, no.(%) | 54 (67.5) | 121 (75.6) | 82 (72.6) | 29 (93.6) | 0.04 |
Blood-based markers | |||||
IL-6, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 0.79 (2.5) | 1.10 (2.4) | 1.59 (2.3) | 1.75 (2.9) | 0.063 |
IL-8, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 4.48 (1.9) | 5.20 (3.6)‡ | 5.65 (4.0)‡ | 5.68 (4.7)‡ | < 0.001 |
TNF, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 4.05 (2.9) | 4.47 (2.8) | 5.28 (3.5)ठ| 5.98 (4.0)ठ| < 0.001 |
d16:1 S1P, nM, median (IQR) | 58.2 (31) | 55.4 (25)‡ | 53.1 (24)‡ | 49.9 (14)‡§ | 0.007 |
d17:1 S1P, nM, median (IQR) | 17.4 (5.4) | 16.6 (6.0) | 15.7 (6.5) | 16.2 (4.2) | 0.486 |
d18:0 S1P, nM, median (IQR) | 60.1 (19.9) | 60.9 (20.1) | 62.5 (21.0) | 66.1 (29.5) | 0.607 |
d18:1 S1P, nM, median (IQR) | 483.2 (134) | 484.9 (157) | 483.1 (189) | 582.2 (256) | 0.127 |
d18:1 to d16:1 ratio, median (IQR) | 8.5 (3.9) | 9.6 (5.0)‡ | 9.8 (5.3)‡ | 11.5 (5.2)‡§# | < 0.001 |