Fig. 3

Attenuation of d18:1 S1P-induced cytokine gene expression by d16:1 S1P. U-373 MG cells (a, b) and mouse primary astrocytes (c, d) were co-treated with d18:1 S1P and d16:1 S1P at the concentrations indicated on the graphs (in nM) and then evaluated for gene expression of IL-1β (a, c) and IL-6 (b, d) by real-time qPCR. Pairwise comparisons were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc tests, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 with N = 3–4 independent experiments