Table 1 Demographic characteristics and proposed and established biomarker data for PCA, tAD and control groups

25

23

70

11/14

14/9

29/41

0.26^a

67.0 (±7.1)

64.5 (±6.8)

66.3 (±7.7)

0.47^b

22.1 (±5.4)

19.8 (±5.6)

29.5 (±0.8)

< 0.001 ^c

Posterior cortical atrophy

Typical Alzheimer’s disease

Controls

Beta

p value

Beta

p value

OCT¹

Mean peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFL) (μm)

98.8 (±12.2)

99.9 (±8.7)

99.6 (±10.0)

− 0.02

0.80

− 0.01

0.89

Mean macular retinal thickness (mRT) (μm)

266.9 (±16.3)

267.8 (±13.6)

269.3 (±13.6)

− 0.07

0.50

− 0.09

0.38

MRI subset²

AD Signature Thickness (mm)

2.5 (±0.2)

2.5 (±0.2)

2.8 (±0.1)

− 0.73

< 0.001

− 0.60

< 0.001

Hippocampus volume (mm³)

6631.4 (±713.9)

6411.6 (±1072.1)

7847.8 (±873.5)

− 0.44

< 0.001

−0.61

< 0.001

PCA signature thickness (mm)

1.7 (±0.2)

1.9 (±0.1)

2.1 (±0.1)

− 0.78

< 0.001

− 0.35

< 0.001

Estimated intracranial volume (*10⁶ mm³)

1.5 (±0.1)

1.5 (±0.2)

1.5 (±0.2)

−0.14

0.21

−0.15

0.17

CSF subset³

Aβ_-1-42 (ng/L)

395.9 (±140.1)

300.1 (±133.2)

900.9 (±221.9)

− 0.70

< 0.001

− 0.90

< 0.001

Tau₋₁₈₁ (ng/L)

573.4 (±306.4)

778.2 (±359.1)

265.1 (±119.2)

0.32

0.07

0.65

< 0.001

Tau₋₁₈₁/Aβ_1–42 ratio

1.6 (±1.0)

3.1 (±1.8)

0.3 (±0.1)

0.22

0.18

0.68

< 0.001