Disease-related determinants are associated with mortality in dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease

Table 2 Disease-specific characteristics at baseline, according to outcome

	No. of patients	Alive (n = 403)	Died (n = 213)	p Value
Cognitive tests
MMSE	616	22 ± 3	22 ± 3	0.480
Digit span forward	597	11 ± 3	11 ± 3	0.908
Digit span backward	593	7 ± 3	6 ± 2	0.154
VAT naming	576	11 ± 1	11 ± 2	0.194
VAT memory	579	6 ± 4	6 ± 4	0.641
TMT-A, seconds	581	81 ± 62	92 ± 64	0.046
TMT-B, seconds	581	299 ± 235	329 ± 215	0.079
RAVLT, immediate recall	551	23 ± 7	22 ± 8	0.026
RAVLT, delayed recall	549	2 ± 2	2 ± 2	0.391
Category fluency	563	13 ± 5	13 ± 6	0.325
MRI
MTA	484	1.2 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 0.9	0.000
PA	470	1.2 ± 0.8	1.3 ± 0.8	0.185
GCA	482	1.0 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 0.7	0.004
WMH	485	1.0 ± 0.8	1.1 ± 0.9	0.152
Lacunes present, n (%)	483	20 (6)	16 (9)	0.262
Microbleeds by category, n (%)	393			0.064
0 microbleeds		181 (75)	112 (74)
1–2 microbleeds		41 (17)	17 (11)
≥ 3 microbleeds		20 (8)	22 (15)
Infarcts present, n (%)	482	3 (1)	4 (2)	0.257
CSF
Aβ₄₂, pg/ml	466	525 ± 172	490 ± 173	0.037
tau, pg/ml	460	662 ± 340	695 ± 434	0.374
p-tau, pg/ml	463	83 ± 33	91 ± 45	0.031

Abbreviations: MMSE Mini Mental State Examination (score range 0–30), Digit span forward and backward (range 0–21), VAT Visual Association Test (naming range 0–12, memory range 0–12), TMT Trail Making Test (no range), RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Task (immediate recall range 0–60, delayed recall range 0–15), MTA Medial temporal lobe atrophy (range 0–4; average score of left and right sides), PA Parietal atrophy (range 0–3; average score of left and right sides), GCA Global cortical atrophy (range 0–3), WMH White matter hyperintensities (range 0–3), Aβ₄₂ β-Amyloid 1–42, p-tau Tau phosphorylated at threonine 181, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, CSF Cerebrospinal fluid
Data are presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise specified. Group differences were calculated using Student’s t test for continuous variables. For categorical variables, the chi-square test was used

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