Table 1 Demographic data

Age, years

75.4 ± 9.8

74.2 ± 8.3

79.1 ± 8.2**

Male sex

257 (64.1%)

82 (52.2%)*

411 (51.5%)**

Education level, years

11.1 ± 4.9

10.2 ± 4.7

9.7 ± 4.7**

MMSE score

28.0 ± 2.1

26.0 ± 2.8**

18.3 ± 5.9**

12-item word recall test

–

4.5 ± 2.9

1.4 ± 2.2^†

Forward digit span

–

10.0 ± 2.5

8.4 ± 3.0^†

Backward digit span

–

5.7 ± 2.4

3.9 ± 2.1^†

Verbal fluency test

–

10.2 ± 3.0

6.5 ± 3.2^†

Boston Naming Test

–

13.6 ± 1.3

11.4 ± 3.0^†

Trail Making Test A, seconds

–

92.3 ± 56.9

181.8 ± 145.2^†

 ε2ε2/ε2ε3/ε3ε3

339 (85.0%)

123 (79.4%)*

504 (63.3%)**

 ε2ε4/ε3ε4

59 (14.8%)

28 (18.1%)

269 (33.8%)

 ε4ε4

1 (0.3%)

4 (2.6%)

23 (2.9%)