Fig. 1
Plasma biomarkers revealing significant association with the incidence of aMCI in ethnic cohorts. a Aβ40 levels were significantly increased in White (p = 0.0001, 95 % CI: 58.0–134.0) and Hispanic (p < 0.01, 95 % CI: 66.8–142.8) aMCI patients compared with their respective age-matched control group (NC). b Plasma Aβ42 levels were significantly increased in the Hispanic aMCI patient population (p < 0.005, 95 % CI: 15.5–31.8) compared with the NC group. c Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio displayed no significant changes among aMCI ethnic groups. d YKL-40 levels were significantly increased in the aMCI group of the Hispanic population compared with its NC group (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 10.7–97.7). e Plasma total tau levels were significantly associated with aMCI incidence in the African American aMCI patient cohort (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 0.06–0.15), while f plasma phospho-tau levels remained unchanged independent of ethnicity and disease progression. g Plasma cystatin C levels in the Hispanic patient cohorts are associated with the incidence of aMCI (p < 0.05, 95 % CI: 844.8–1240.7). Statistical analyses were performed in a two by three factorial design with post-hoc analyses using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. An outlier test via IBM SPSS Statistics 22 was performed on each data set and outliers were removed. aMCI amnestic mild cognitive impairment