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Table 1 Summary of published cases describing the clinical features of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

From: Clinical subtypes of chronic traumatic encephalopathy: literature review and proposed research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome

 

Clinical features

Study

Sample

Behavioral

Mood

Cognition

Motor

(total n = 202)

Parker [16] (1934)

Boxers (n = 3)

Social

Anxiety

Reduced intelligence

Ataxia

inappropriateness

Labile emotions

Memory impairment

Clonus

Childish behavior

Fatigue

Impaired attention

Dragging gait

  

Visuospatial difficulties

Dysarthria

Muscle weakness

Spasticity

Tremor

Herzog [42] (1938)

Boxers (n = 7)

Boastfulness

Apathy

General cognitive impairment

Dysarthria

Personality changes

Flat affect

Memory difficulties

Masked facies

Impulsiveness

 

Perseveration

Shuffling gait

Loss of control

 

Language difficulties

Truncal ataxia

  

Alogia

Dementia

Knoll et al. [43] (1938)

Boxers (n = 3)

Personality changes

Apathy

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

  

Flat affect

Memory impairment

Dysarthria

Loss of interest

Visuospatial difficulties

Masked facies

Prolix

Alogia

 

Dementia

Jokl [31] (1941) and Jokl and Guttmann [32] (1933)

Boxers (n = 3)

Boastfulness

Apathy

Reduced intelligence

Ataxia

Childish behavior

Depression

Executive dysfunction

Dysarthria

Paranoid delusions

Euphoria

Memory impairment

Masked facies

Personality changes

Fatigue

Impaired attention

Muscle weakness

Physical violence

Flat affect

Altered concentration

Shuffling gait

Psychosis

Insomnia

Language difficulties

Tremor

Short fuse

Irritability

Dysgraphia

Unsteady gait

Explosivity

Labile emotions

Visuospatial difficulties

 

Social inappropriateness

Loss of interest

 

Verbal violence

Mania

 

Mood swings

Schwarz [44] (1953)

Boxers (n = 3)

Personality changes

Fearfulness

Memory impairment

Ataxia

Short fuse

Irritability

Altered concentration

Dysarthria

Explosivity

Labile emotions

Language difficulties

Masked facies

   

Muscle weakness

Stamping gait

Tremor

Unsteady Gait

Soeder and Arndt [45] (1954)

Boxers (n = 5)

Boastfulness

Apathy

General cognitive impairment

Clonus

Disinhibited behavior

Depressed mood

Executive dysfunction

Dysarthria

Inappropriate speech

Euphoria

Memory impairment

Masked facies

Paranoia

Fatigue

Impaired attention

Rolling gait

Personality changes

Flat affect

Altered concentration

Tremor

Physical violence

Insomnia

Language difficulties

Truncal ataxia

Psychosis

Mania

Alogia

Unsteady gait

Short fuse

Mood swings

Explosivity

Prolix

Social inappropriateness

 

Grahmann and Ule [33] (1957)

Boxers (n = 4)

Childish behavior

Apathy

General cognitive impairment

Dysarthria

Confirmed CTE (1)

Disinhibited behavior

Depressed

Executive dysfunction

Swaying gait

Disinhibited speech

Euphoria

Memory impairment

Masked facies

Impulsivity

Labile emotions

Impaired attention

Loss of control

Fatigue

Altered concentration

Physical violence

Flat affect

Dementia

Personality changes

Irritable

Short fuse

Mood swings

Explosivity

Prolix

Social inappropriateness

 

Muller [46] (1958)

Boxers (n = 3)

Social isolation

Fatigue

General cognitive impairment

Dysarthria

Personality changes

Irritability

Executive dysfunction

Unsteady gait

Lack of insight

 

Impaired attention

Spastic gait

  

Memory impairment

 

Altered concentration

Dementia

Spillane [47] (1962)

Boxers (n = 5)

Childish behavior

Anxiety

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

Disinhibited behavior

Depressed mood

Reduced intelligence

Dysarthria

Impulsivity

Euphoria

Memory impairment

Dragging gait

 

Mania

Visuospatial difficulties

Muscle weakness

Payne mood swings

Dysgraphia

Tremor

Lack of insight

Unsteady gait

Dementia

 

Mawdsley and Ferguson [22] (1963)

Boxers (n = 10)

Impulsivity

Apathy

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

Loss of control

Depression

Reduced intelligence

Dysarthria

Physical violence

Insomnia

Memory impairment

Dragging gait

Psychosis

Irritability

Language difficulties

Masked facies

Paranoid delusions

 

Dysgraphia

Muscle weakness

Personality changes

 

Dementia

Tremor

Short fuse

  

Unsteady gait

Explosivity

   

Social inappropriateness

Verbal violence

Critchley [23-25] (1949, 1957, 1964)

Boxers (n = 17)

Disinhibited speech

Depressed

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

Disinhibited behavior

Labile emotions

Reduced intelligence

Clumsy

Impulsivity

Euphoria

Memory impairment

Dysarthria

Lack of insight

Insomnia

Impaired attention

Masked facies

Physical violence

Irritable

Altered concentration

Muscle weakness

Personality changes

Loss of interest

Visuospatial difficulties

Tremor

Social inappropriateness

Fatigue

Dementia

Unsteady gait

Short fuse

Payne [48] (1968)

Boxers (n = 6)

Disinhibited behavior

Depressed mood

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

Impulsivity

Labile emotions

Reduced intelligence

Dysarthria

Paranoid delusions

Insomnia

Altered concentration

Unsteady gait

Physical violence

Mania

Visuospatial difficulties

 

Psychotic

Mood swings

Memory impairment

Verbal violence

Suicidal ideation

 

Johnson [26] (1969)

Boxers (n = 17)

Loss of control

Anxiety

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

Paranoid delusions

Labile emotions

Reduced intelligence

Dysarthria

Personality changes

Irritability

Memory impairment

Tremor

Psychotic

 

Dementia

Dragging gait

Short fuse

  

Masked facies

Explosivity

  

Muscle weakness

Verbal violence

   

Roberts [49] (1969)

Boxers (n = 11)

Lack of insight

Apathy

Reduced intelligence

Ataxia

Paranoid delusions

Depression

Executive dysfunction

Dysarthria

Psychosis

Euphoria

Memory impairment

Dragging gait

Short fuse

Flat affect

Perseveration

Masked facies

Explosivity

Labile emotions

Impaired attention

Muscle weakness

  

Altered concentration

Shuffling gait

Language difficulties

Spasticity

Dysgraphia

Tremor

Visuospatial difficulties

Unsteady gait

Dementia

 

Corsellis et al. [50] (1973)

Boxers (n = 13) Confirmed CTE (13)

Childish behavior

Anxiety

General cognitive impairment

Ataxia

Paranoid delusions

Labile emotions

Reduced intelligence

Dysarthria

Personality changes

Irritability

Memory impairment

Masked facies

Short fuse

 

Dementia

Muscle weakness

Explosivity

  

Tremor

Social inappropriateness

  

Staggering gait

Social isolation

  

Shuffling gait

Verbal violence

  

Unsteady gait

Sabharwal et al. [51] (1987)

Boxers (n = 4)

Inappropriate speech

Depression

Reduced intelligence

Ataxia

 

Irritability

Memory impairment

Spasticity

Labile emotions

 

Dysarthria

Mood swings

  

Jordan et al. [52] (1997)

Boxers (n = 19)

Disinhibited speech

Depression

Impaired attention

Ataxia

Disinhibited behavior

Irritability

Altered concentration

Clonus

Flat affect

Memory impairment

Dysarthria

Mania

 

Spasticity

  

Tremor

Unsteady gait

Omalu et al. [29,53,54] (2005, 2006, 2010)

Football and wrestling (n = 5)

Paranoid delusions

Suicidality

General cognitive impairment

-

Social isolation

Anxiety

Memory impairment

Physical violence

Labile emotions

Language difficulties

Confirmed CTE (5)

 

Irritability

Executive dysfunction

Insomnia

Impaired attention

Depression

 

Mckee et al. [2] (2013)

Boxing, American football, ice hockey, wrestling (n = 64)

Explosivity

Depression

Memory impairment

Dysarthria

Aggression

Hopelessness

Executive dysfunction

Gait disturbance

Impulsivity

Suicidality

Impaired attention

Parkinsonism

Paranoia

Mood swings

Language difficulties

  

Visuospatial difficulties

Dementia

Confirmed CTE (64)

  1. CTE, chronic traumatic encephalopathy.