Parker [16] (1934)
|
Boxers (n = 3)
|
Social
|
Anxiety
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Ataxia
|
inappropriateness
|
Labile emotions
|
Memory impairment
|
Clonus
|
Childish behavior
|
Fatigue
|
Impaired attention
|
Dragging gait
|
| |
Visuospatial difficulties
|
Dysarthria
|
Muscle weakness
|
Spasticity
|
Tremor
|
Herzog [42] (1938)
|
Boxers (n = 7)
|
Boastfulness
|
Apathy
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Personality changes
|
Flat affect
|
Memory difficulties
|
Masked facies
|
Impulsiveness
| |
Perseveration
|
Shuffling gait
|
Loss of control
| |
Language difficulties
|
Truncal ataxia
|
| |
Alogia
|
Dementia
|
Knoll et al. [43] (1938)
|
Boxers (n = 3)
|
Personality changes
|
Apathy
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
| |
Flat affect
|
Memory impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Loss of interest
|
Visuospatial difficulties
|
Masked facies
|
Prolix
|
Alogia
| |
Dementia
|
Jokl [31] (1941) and Jokl and Guttmann [32] (1933)
|
Boxers (n = 3)
|
Boastfulness
|
Apathy
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Ataxia
|
Childish behavior
|
Depression
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Dysarthria
|
Paranoid delusions
|
Euphoria
|
Memory impairment
|
Masked facies
|
Personality changes
|
Fatigue
|
Impaired attention
|
Muscle weakness
|
Physical violence
|
Flat affect
|
Altered concentration
|
Shuffling gait
|
Psychosis
|
Insomnia
|
Language difficulties
|
Tremor
|
Short fuse
|
Irritability
|
Dysgraphia
|
Unsteady gait
|
Explosivity
|
Labile emotions
|
Visuospatial difficulties
| |
Social inappropriateness
|
Loss of interest
| |
Verbal violence
|
Mania
|
|
Mood swings
|
Schwarz [44] (1953)
|
Boxers (n = 3)
|
Personality changes
|
Fearfulness
|
Memory impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Short fuse
|
Irritability
|
Altered concentration
|
Dysarthria
|
Explosivity
|
Labile emotions
|
Language difficulties
|
Masked facies
|
| | |
Muscle weakness
|
Stamping gait
|
Tremor
|
Unsteady Gait
|
Soeder and Arndt [45] (1954)
|
Boxers (n = 5)
|
Boastfulness
|
Apathy
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Clonus
|
Disinhibited behavior
|
Depressed mood
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Dysarthria
|
Inappropriate speech
|
Euphoria
|
Memory impairment
|
Masked facies
|
Paranoia
|
Fatigue
|
Impaired attention
|
Rolling gait
|
Personality changes
|
Flat affect
|
Altered concentration
|
Tremor
|
Physical violence
|
Insomnia
|
Language difficulties
|
Truncal ataxia
|
Psychosis
|
Mania
|
Alogia
|
Unsteady gait
|
Short fuse
|
Mood swings
|
Explosivity
|
Prolix
|
Social inappropriateness
| |
Grahmann and Ule [33] (1957)
|
Boxers (n = 4)
|
Childish behavior
|
Apathy
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Confirmed CTE (1)
|
Disinhibited behavior
|
Depressed
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Swaying gait
|
Disinhibited speech
|
Euphoria
|
Memory impairment
|
Masked facies
|
Impulsivity
|
Labile emotions
|
Impaired attention
|
Loss of control
|
Fatigue
|
Altered concentration
|
Physical violence
|
Flat affect
|
Dementia
|
Personality changes
|
Irritable
|
Short fuse
|
Mood swings
|
Explosivity
|
Prolix
|
Social inappropriateness
| |
Muller [46] (1958)
|
Boxers (n = 3)
|
Social isolation
|
Fatigue
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Personality changes
|
Irritability
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Unsteady gait
|
Lack of insight
| |
Impaired attention
|
Spastic gait
|
| |
Memory impairment
| |
Altered concentration
|
Dementia
|
Spillane [47] (1962)
|
Boxers (n = 5)
|
Childish behavior
|
Anxiety
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Disinhibited behavior
|
Depressed mood
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Dysarthria
|
Impulsivity
|
Euphoria
|
Memory impairment
|
Dragging gait
|
|
Mania
|
Visuospatial difficulties
|
Muscle weakness
|
Payne mood swings
|
Dysgraphia
|
Tremor
|
Lack of insight
|
Unsteady gait
|
Dementia
| |
Mawdsley and Ferguson [22] (1963)
|
Boxers (n = 10)
|
Impulsivity
|
Apathy
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Loss of control
|
Depression
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Dysarthria
|
Physical violence
|
Insomnia
|
Memory impairment
|
Dragging gait
|
Psychosis
|
Irritability
|
Language difficulties
|
Masked facies
|
Paranoid delusions
| |
Dysgraphia
|
Muscle weakness
|
Personality changes
| |
Dementia
|
Tremor
|
Short fuse
| | |
Unsteady gait
|
Explosivity
| | | |
Social inappropriateness
|
Verbal violence
|
Critchley [23-25] (1949, 1957, 1964)
|
Boxers (n = 17)
|
Disinhibited speech
|
Depressed
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Disinhibited behavior
|
Labile emotions
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Clumsy
|
Impulsivity
|
Euphoria
|
Memory impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Lack of insight
|
Insomnia
|
Impaired attention
|
Masked facies
|
Physical violence
|
Irritable
|
Altered concentration
|
Muscle weakness
|
Personality changes
|
Loss of interest
|
Visuospatial difficulties
|
Tremor
|
Social inappropriateness
|
Fatigue
|
Dementia
|
Unsteady gait
|
Short fuse
|
Payne [48] (1968)
|
Boxers (n = 6)
|
Disinhibited behavior
|
Depressed mood
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Impulsivity
|
Labile emotions
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Dysarthria
|
Paranoid delusions
|
Insomnia
|
Altered concentration
|
Unsteady gait
|
Physical violence
|
Mania
|
Visuospatial difficulties
| |
Psychotic
|
Mood swings
|
Memory impairment
|
Verbal violence
|
Suicidal ideation
| |
Johnson [26] (1969)
|
Boxers (n = 17)
|
Loss of control
|
Anxiety
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Paranoid delusions
|
Labile emotions
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Dysarthria
|
Personality changes
|
Irritability
|
Memory impairment
|
Tremor
|
Psychotic
| |
Dementia
|
Dragging gait
|
Short fuse
| | |
Masked facies
|
Explosivity
| | |
Muscle weakness
|
Verbal violence
| | | |
Roberts [49] (1969)
|
Boxers (n = 11)
|
Lack of insight
|
Apathy
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Ataxia
|
Paranoid delusions
|
Depression
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Dysarthria
|
Psychosis
|
Euphoria
|
Memory impairment
|
Dragging gait
|
Short fuse
|
Flat affect
|
Perseveration
|
Masked facies
|
Explosivity
|
Labile emotions
|
Impaired attention
|
Muscle weakness
|
| |
Altered concentration
|
Shuffling gait
|
Language difficulties
|
Spasticity
|
Dysgraphia
|
Tremor
|
Visuospatial difficulties
|
Unsteady gait
|
Dementia
| |
Corsellis et al. [50] (1973)
|
Boxers (n = 13) Confirmed CTE (13)
|
Childish behavior
|
Anxiety
|
General cognitive impairment
|
Ataxia
|
Paranoid delusions
|
Labile emotions
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Dysarthria
|
Personality changes
|
Irritability
|
Memory impairment
|
Masked facies
|
Short fuse
| |
Dementia
|
Muscle weakness
|
Explosivity
| | |
Tremor
|
Social inappropriateness
| | |
Staggering gait
|
Social isolation
| | |
Shuffling gait
|
Verbal violence
| | |
Unsteady gait
|
Sabharwal et al. [51] (1987)
|
Boxers (n = 4)
|
Inappropriate speech
|
Depression
|
Reduced intelligence
|
Ataxia
|
|
Irritability
|
Memory impairment
|
Spasticity
|
Labile emotions
| |
Dysarthria
|
Mood swings
| | |
Jordan et al. [52] (1997)
|
Boxers (n = 19)
|
Disinhibited speech
|
Depression
|
Impaired attention
|
Ataxia
|
Disinhibited behavior
|
Irritability
|
Altered concentration
|
Clonus
|
Flat affect
|
Memory impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Mania
| |
Spasticity
|
| |
Tremor
|
Unsteady gait
|
Omalu et al. [29,53,54] (2005, 2006, 2010)
|
Football and wrestling (n = 5)
|
Paranoid delusions
|
Suicidality
|
General cognitive impairment
|
-
|
Social isolation
|
Anxiety
|
Memory impairment
|
Physical violence
|
Labile emotions
|
Language difficulties
|
Confirmed CTE (5)
| |
Irritability
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Insomnia
|
Impaired attention
|
Depression
| |
Mckee et al. [2] (2013)
|
Boxing, American football, ice hockey, wrestling (n = 64)
|
Explosivity
|
Depression
|
Memory impairment
|
Dysarthria
|
Aggression
|
Hopelessness
|
Executive dysfunction
|
Gait disturbance
|
Impulsivity
|
Suicidality
|
Impaired attention
|
Parkinsonism
|
Paranoia
|
Mood swings
|
Language difficulties
|
| |
Visuospatial difficulties
|
Dementia
|
Confirmed CTE (64)
|