Figure 10

Histological analysis of biomarkers in the brain. Top half of figure: effect of D-Ala2 glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) treatment on three hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in 6-month-old APP/PS1 mice. (A) Quantification of beta-amyloid plaque, (B) of dense core plaque load in the cortex of APP/PS1 and, (C) of activated microglia (neuroinflammation) in the cortex of APP/PS1 mice. The percentage of stained cortex area was used as measurement for these three hallmarks. Data show mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of six mice per group (Student's unpaired t- test, *P < 0.05). Micrographs: The figures on the top row illustrate examples of the cortex of APP/PS1 mice injected with (D) saline and (E) D-Ala²GIP, immunohistologically stained against β-amyloid (scale bar: 880 μm). The figures in the middle row illustrate example of cortex of APP/PS1 mice injected with (F) saline and (G) D-Ala²GIP, stained with Congo red (scale bar: 880 μm). The figures on the bottom row illustrate examples of cortex of APP/PS1 mice injected with (H) saline and (I) D-Ala²GIP, immunohistologically stained against Iba1 (scale bar: 80 μm). Bottom half of Figure: effect of D-Ala²GIP treatment on three hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease in 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice. (A) Quantification of beta-amyloid plaque, (B) of dense core plaque load in the cortex of APP/PS1 and, (C) of activated microglia (neuroinflammation) in the cortex of APP/PS1 mice. The percentage of stained cortex area was used as measurement for these three hallmarks. Data show mean ± SEM of six mice per group (Student's unpaired t- test, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001). Micrographs: the figures on the top row illustrate examples of the cortex of APP/PS1 mice injected with (D) saline and (E) D-Ala²GIP, immunohistologically stained against β-amyloid (scale bar: 880 μm). The figures in the middle row illustrate example of cortex of APP/PS1 injected with (F) saline and (G) D-Ala²GIP, stained with Congo red (scale bar: 880 μm). The figures on the bottom row illustrate example of cortex of APP/PS1 mice injected with (H) saline and (I) D-Ala²GIP, immunohistologically stained against Iba1 (scale bar: 80 μm).