Impaired 24-h activity patterns are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cognitive decline

Table 3 Summary of 24-h rhythm associations with longitudinal cognitive test performance

	Symbol digit (n = 7,533)		Trails A (n = 6,731)		Trails B-A (n = 6,629)		Numeric Memory (n = 7,401)		Fluid intelligence (n = 11,030)
	β (SE)	p-value	β (SE)	p-value	β (SE)	p-value	β (SE)	p-value	β (SE)	p-value
*IStime**	− 0.10 (0.10)	0.34	− 0.89 (0.32)	0.005	0.51 (0.51)	0.32	− 0.06 (0.04)	0.12	− 0.07 (0.04)	0.05
*IVtime**	− 0.005 (0.05)	0.92	0.50 (0.15)	0.001	− 0.75 (0.24)	0.001	0.05 (0.02)	0.01	− 0.01 (0.02)	0.42
*L5time**	0.01 (0.01)	0.38	− 0.02 (0.03)	0.41	− 0.01 (0.04)	0.86	0.001 (0.003)	0.72	0.003 (0.003)	0.39
*M10time**	0.002 (0.001)	0.01	− 0.01 (0.002)	0.03	0.001 (0.004)	0.80	− 0.0002 (0.0003)	0.59	0.0002 (0.0003)	0.51
*Amplitudetime**	0.002 (0.001)	0.048	− 0.01 (0.004)	0.005	0.004 (0.01)	0.52	− 0.0003 (0.0004)	0.49	0.0003 (0.0005)	0.47
*Mesortime**	0.004 (0.001)	0.01	− 0.01 (0.004)	0.13	− 0.003 (0.01)	0.63	− 0.0003 (0.0005)	0.59	0.0005 (0.001)	0.36

IS interdaily stability: IV intradaily variability: L5 least active 5 h: M10 most active 10 h.
All linear mixed-effects models controlled for age at actigraphy collection, sex, college education, baseline general health, baseline body mass index, and baseline Townsend deprivation index. All linear mixed models included a random intercept for each participant, and an interaction with time for the actigraphy measure of interest and each covariate. Models also included a binary variable indicating whether an individual’s baseline assessment was in-person or remote

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