Table 3 Multivariable modified poisson regression analyses of time trends of central nervous system–active medication polypharmacy among adults with Early-Onset Dementia (EOD), epilepsy, depression, or chronic pain, 2013–2020

Year

 2013

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

 2014

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

1.00 (0.97–1.04)

0.96 (0.93–0.99)

0.95 (0.91–0.99)

0.94 (0.90–0.97)

0.93 (0.90–0.97)

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

 2015

1.04 (0.98–1.11)

0.95 (0.90–1.01)

1.00 (0.96–1.03)

0.90 (0.88–0.93)

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

0.87 (0.84–0.91)

0.92 (0.88–0.95)

0.85 (0.82–0.88)

 2016

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

0.96 (0.90–1.01)

1.00 (0.96–1.04)

0.93 (0.90–0.96)

0.83 (0.79–0.87)

0.82 (0.79–0.86)

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

0.84 (0.81–0.88)

 2017

1.02 (0.95–1.10)

0.97 (0.91–1.03)

0.92 (0.89–0.96)

0.88 (0.85–0.92)

0.77 (0.73–0.80)

0.79 (0.75–0.83)

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

0.78 (0.74–0.82)

 2018

0.99 (0.92–1.06)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

0.90 (0.86–0.94)

0.87 (0.83–0.90)

0.76 (0.72–0.80)

0.79 (0.75–0.83)

0.96 (0.91–1.01)

0.75 (0.71–0.78)

 2019

0.89 (0.83–0.96)

0.83 (0.77–0.89)

0.90 (0.86–0.93)

0.85 (0.82–0.88)

0.71 (0.68–0.75)

0.74 (0.71–0.78)

0.88 (0.84–0.93)

0.66 (0.62–0.69)

 2020

1.05 (0.98–1.11)

0.94 (0.88–1.01)

0.93 (0.89–0.97)

0.86 (0.83–0.89)

0.78 (0.75–0.82)

0.81 (0.77–0.85)

0.94 (0.89–0.99)

0.66 (0.63–0.69)

Covariates

 Age group, y

   ≤ 44

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

  45–49

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

0.92 (0.85–0.99)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

1.13 (1.08–1.17)

1.12 (1.08–1.17)

1.18 (1.13–1.23)

1.16 (1.11–1.20)

  50–54

1.08 (1.00–1.17)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

1.05 (1.02–1.09)

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

1.24 (1.19–1.28)

1.18 (1.14–1.23)

1.28 (1.24–1.33)

1.24 (1.19–1.28)

  55–59

1.13 (1.05–1.21)

1.01 (0.95–1.08)

1.04 (1.01–1.07)

1.03 (1.00–1.06)

1.30 (1.25–1.34)

1.20 (1.16–1.25)

1.33 (1.28–1.38)

1.26 (1.22–1.31)

  60–64

1.07 (1.00–1.15)

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

0.98 (0.95–1.02)

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

1.39 (1.34–1.44)

1.25 (1.21–1.30)

1.34 (1.29–1.39)

1.25 (1.20–1.29)

 Sex

  Male

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

  Female

1.36 (1.31–1.41)

1.20 (1.16–1.25)

1.64 (1.60–1.68)

1.31 (1.28–1.34)

1.22 (1.19–1.25)

1.22 (1.19–1.25)

2.04 (1.99–2.10)

1.52 (1.48–1.56)

 Locale

  Metropolitan

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

  Rural

1.04 (1.00–1.08)

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

1.05 (1.02–1.07)

1.00 (0.98–1.02)

0.98 (0.95–1.00)

0.97 (0.95–1.00)

1.08 (1.05–1.11)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

 US Region

  Northeast

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

1.00 [Reference]

  Midwest

1.27 (1.19–1.34)

1.19 (1.13–1.26)

1.24 (1.20–1.29)

1.23 (1.19–1.27)

1.15 (1.10–1.20)

1.15 (1.10–1.20)

1.35 (1.30–1.41)

1.33 (1.28–1.39)

  South

1.34 (1.27–1.41)

1.30 (1.23–1.36)

1.38 (1.34–1.42)

1.32 (1.28–1.36)

1.34 (1.29–1.39)

1.32 (1.28–1.37)

1.49 (1.44–1.55)

1.48 (1.43–1.54)

  West

1.15 (1.07–1.24)

1.19 (1.11–1.27)

1.20 (1.16–1.25)

1.21 (1.16–1.25)

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

1.22 (1.16–1.27)

1.24 (1.19–1.29)

 Clinical condition (yes vs no)

  Depression

4.00 (3.82–4.19)

3.33 (3.18–3.49)

3.88 (3.80–3.96)

3.15 (3.08–3.22)

––

––

8.41 (8.20–8.62)

6.84 (6.66–7.02)

  Psychiatric disorder

2.11 (2.02–2.21)

1.28 (1.21–1.34)

2.39 (2.30–2.48)

1.26 (1.21–1.31)

2.70 (2.54–2.87)

1.60 (1.47–1.74)

7.34 (6.83–7.88)

1.68 (1.52–1.86)

  Behavioral Symptoms

1.75 (1.69–1.82)

1.04 (0.99–1.08)

1.87 (1.82–1.92)

1.06 (1.03–1.09)

2.47 (2.35–2.59)

1.14 (1.07–1.22)

5.70 (5.40–6.01)

1.09 (1.01–1.17)

  Chronic pain

1.90 (1.83–1.97)

1.47 (1.41–1.52)

2.05 (2.01–2.10)

1.40 (1.37–1.43)

2.06 (2.01–2.11)

1.68 (1.64–1.73)

––

––

  Epilepsy

1.85 (1.78–1.93)

1.45 (1.39–1.52)

––

––

2.59 (2.47–2.73)

1.75 (1.66–1.86)

4.63(4.38–4.90)

2.01 (1.88–2.14)

  Fall injury

1.73 (1.65–1.81)

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

1.79 (1.74–1.84)

1.22 (1.19–1.25)

1.61 (1.54–1.68)

1.19 (1.14–1.24)

2.09 (2.00–2.17)

1.30 (1.25–1.35)

  Substance use disorder

1.99 (1.92–2.08)

1.36(1.31–1.42)

2.00 (1.95–2.05)

1.27 (1.24–1.30)

2.01 (1.95–2.08)

1.82 (1.76–1.88)

3.88 (3.75–4.02)

1.98 (1.91–2.05)

CCI

1.12 (1.11–1.13)

1.02 (1.01–1.02)

1.18 (1.17–1.18)

1.06 (1.05–1.06)

1.24 (1.23–1.25)

1.10 (1.09–1.11)

1.39 (1.38–1.40)

1.21 (1.20–1.22)

 Interaction model^a

  Year × Disease status

1.00 [Reference]

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

0.98 (0.98–0.99)

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

0.99 (0.98–0.99)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

1.00 (0.99–1.00)