Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of participants

Age (years)

 Mean (SD)

69.3 (10.8)

73.0 (8.9)

74.0 (10.1)

75.7 (10.6)

76.3 (11.1)

 Missing/unknown

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

BMI (kg/m²)

 Underweight, below 18.5

143 (1.0)

102 (1.4)

93 (1.9)

38 (2.2)

21 (2.5)

 Healthy weight, 18.5–24.9

4433 (32.4)

2562 (36.2)

1740 (35.5)

572 (33.5)

236 (28.0)

 Overweight, 25.0–29.9

4813 (35.2)

2482 (35.1)

1608 (32.8)

508 (29.8)

200 (23.8)

 Obese, ≥ 30.0

3409 (24.9)

1338 (18.9)

810 (16.5)

290 (17.0)

75 (8.9)

 Unknown

832 (6.1)

556 (7.9)

629 (12.8)

271 (15.9)

275 (32.7)

 Not available or skipped

62 (0.5)

35 (0.5)

25 (0.5)

27 (1.6)

35 (4.2)

Sex

 Female

8976 (65.6)

3604 (50.9)

2698 (55.0)

1043 (61.1)

502 (59.6)

Race/ethnicity

 White

10,382 (75.8)

5574 (78.8)

3722 (75.9)

1134 (66.5)

608 (72.2)

 Black/African American

1880 (13.7)

738 (10.4)

497 (10.1)

258 (15.1)

82 (9.7)

 Hispanic

964 (7.0)

503 (7.1)

510 (10.4)

254 (14.9)

136 (16.2)

 Asian

354 (2.6)

174 (2.5)

108 (2.2)

39 (2.3)

10 (1.2)

 Others (with American Indian or Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander)

97 (0.7)

73 (1.0)

56 (1.1)

18 (1.1)

5 (0.6)

 Unknown

15 (0.1)

13 (0.2)

12 (0.2)

3 (0.2)

1 (0.1)

Level of education

 Less than high school

506 (3.7)

485 (6.9)

623 (12.7)

335 (19.6)

161 (19.1)

 High school or GED

1737 (12.7)

1404 (19.8)

1210 (24.7)

441 (25.8)

206 (24.5)

 Some college

2544 (18.6)

1202 (17.0)

826 (16.8)

283 (16.6)

120 (14.3)

 Bachelor’s degree

3360 (24.5)

1646 (23.3)

1020 (20.8)

293 (17.2)

177 (21.0)

 Master’s degree or doctorate

5461 (39.9)

2297 (32.5)

1183 (24.1)

335 (19.6)

157 (18.6)

 Unknown

84 (0.6)

41 (0.6)

43 (0.9)

19 (1.1)

21 (2.5)

Level of independence

 Able to live independently

13,437 (98.1)

4093 (57.9)

745 (15.2)

40 (2.3)

3 (0.4)

 Requires some assistance with complex activities

156 (1.1)

2612 (36.9)

2883 (58.8)

438 (25.7)

35 (4.2)

 Requires some assistance with basic activities

62 (0.5)

278 (3.9)

1130 (23.0)

925 (54.2)

198 (23.5)

 Completely dependent

12 (0.09)

18 (0.3)

83 (1.7)

291 (17.1)

601 (71.4)

 Unknown

25 (0.2)

74 (1.0)

64 (1.3)

12 (0.7)

5 (0.6)

Primary type of residence

 Single- or multi-family private residence (apartment, condo, house)

12,835 (93.7)

6555 (92.7)

4417 (90.1)

1478 (86.6)

497 (59.0)

 Retirement community or independent group living

594 (4.3)

295 (4.2)

201 (4.1)

49 (2.9)

7 (0.8)

 Assisted living, adult family home, or boarding home

42 (0.3)

56 (0.8)

168 (3.4)

100 (5.9)

78 (9.3)

 Skilled nursing facility, nursing home, hospital, or hospice

4 (0.03)

7 (0.10)

25 (0.5)

46 (2.7)

240 (28.5)

 Others/unknown

217 (1.6)

162 (2.3)

94 (1.9)

33 (1.9)

20 (2.4)

First-degree family member with cognitive impairment

 Report of at least one

7496 (54.7)

3737 (52.8)

2472 (50.4)

843 (49.4)

445 (52.9)

 None reported

4902 (35.8)

2560 (36.2)

1753 (35.7)

630 (36.9)

248 (29.5)

 Unknown

1264 (9.2)

745 (10.5)

657 (13.4)

207 (12.1)

126 (15.0)

 Not available or skipped

30 (0.2)

33 (0.5)

23 (0.5)

26 (1.5)

23 (2.7)

Comorbidities

 Cardiovascular disease

1991 (14.5)

1259 (17.8)

846 (17.2)

299 (17.5)

126 (15.0)

 Stroke

63 (0.5)

54 (0.8)

64 (1.3)

26 (1.5)

29 (3.4)

 Transient ischemic attack

118 (0.9)

106 (1.5)

89 (1.8)

36 (2.1)

14 (1.7)

 Type 2 diabetes mellitus

512 (3.7)

279 (3.9)

137 (2.8)

41 (2.4)

11 (1.3)

 Depression

1121 (8.2)

1375 (19.4)

1147 (23.4)

344 (20.2)

159 (18.9)

 Anxiety

1542 (11.3)

2340 (33.1)

2148 (43.8)

822 (48.2)

333 (39.5)