Fig. 1

CSF tau-related biomarkers in three CMD status groups. Bar graphs show mean, and error bars represent standard deviations. Bee swarm plots visualize the distribution of biomarkers data. CSF tau-related biomarkers were Box-Cox power transformed, and then, the z-score normalized. One-way ANOVA was used to test group differences in biomarkers, followed by the Tukey HSD posthoc test. CSF P-tau181, T-tau significantly differed among groups (all P values < 0.05). We observed that the levels of CSF P-tau181 and T-tau were highest in the CMD multimorbidity group, followed by an intermediate level in the single CMD group, and lowest in the CMD-free group (all P values < 0.05). P > 0.05: NS; P ≤ 0.05: *; P ≤ 0.01: **; P ≤ 0.001: ***; P ≤ 0.0001: ****. Abbreviations: CMD, cardiometabolic disease; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid