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Table 1 Overview of participant characteristics

From: Subclinical epileptiform activity in the Alzheimer continuum: association with disease, cognition and detection method

 

AD patients (n = 41)

Preclinical AD subjects (n = 8)

Healthy controls (n = 24)

P-value

Female sex

20 (49%)

4 (50%)

13 (54%)

0.942

Age at NPT

71 [67;74]

73 [71.75;74.5]

70.5 [60.75;72.25]

0.118

Years of education

14 [11;16]

15.5 [14.75;17]

14.5 [12.75;16.25]

0.266

Right handedness

38 (93%)

8 (100%)

19 (79%)

0.157

Arterial hypertension

20 (49%)

6 (75%)

5 (21%)

0.011a

Diabetes Mellitus

4 (10%)

0 (0%)

3 (13%)

0.736

Dyslipidemia

31 (76%)

7 (88%)

13 (54%)

0.118

Smoking

4 (10%)

1 (13%)

1 (4%)

0.571

MMSE

26 [25;28]

29 [28.75;30]

30 [29;30]

 < 0.001b

ACE-R

76 [70;80.5]

93 [87.5; 95]

93 [90;96]

 < 0.001c

GDeprS

7 [5;11]

7 [2;9.5]

3 [1;8]

0.116

Antidepressants

15 (37%)

4 (50%)

5 (21%)

0.253

Sleep medication (benzodiazepines, zolpidem, melatonin, antidepressants/psychotics)

12 (29%)

3 (38%)

2 (8%)

0.062

PSQI

4.5 [1.25;8.75]

5 [4;6.5]

4.5 [2.75;7]

0.699

TST (hours)

8.125 [7;9]

6.75 [6;7.875]

7 [6.5;8]

0.051

TST > 9 h (PSQI)

6/38 (16%)

0/7 (0%)

1/24 (5%)

0.329

TST < 6 h (PSQI)

4/38 (11%)

2/7 (29%)

4/24 (17%)

0.352

Time to sleep onset (min) (PSQI)

13.5 [5;15]

10 [7.5;13.75]

10 [5;16.25]

0.701

Whole brain volume (ml)

1402.9 [1371.6; 1451.3]

1492.9 [1461.1;1525.0]

1489.8 [1443.0; 1538.6]

 < 0.001d

Hippocampal volume (ml)

8.5 [7.7;9.2]

9.6 [8.9;10.1]

9.3 [8.6;10.5]

0.001e

FLAIR hyperintensity volume (ml)

5.1 [2.7;15.7]

6.0 [3.6;7.7]

2.0 [1.2;5.0]

0.032f

APOE

No ε4

13/36 (36%)

0/6 (0%)

16/19 (84%)

 < 0.001g

One ε4

16/36 (44%)

5/6 (83%)

3/19 (16%)

0.009h

Two ε4

7/36 (19%)

1/6 (17%)

0/19 (0%)

0.101

  1. Data is reported as number or median with IQR [Q1,Q3], as appropriate. P-values were calculated with Fisher’s exact and Kruskal–Wallis tests (with post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests and Bonferroni correction if statistically significant differences were found). Significance level was set at 0.05
  2. ACE-R scores were missing in 10 AD patients, in 1 preclinical AD subject and in 3 healthy controls. GDeprS was missing in 12 AD patients, 1 preclinical AD subject and 3 healthy controls. PSQI was missing in 3 AD patients and 1 preclinical AD subject. Whole brain volume and hippocampal volume were missing in 3 AD patients, 1 preclinical AD subject and in 2 healthy controls. FLAIR hyperintensity volume is missing in 14 AD patients, in 1 preclinical AD subjects and in 6 healthy controls
  3. NPT neuropsychological testing, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, ACE-R Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination—Revised, GDeprS Geriatric Depression Scale, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, TST total sleep time, FLAIR fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, APOE apolipoprotein E
  4. Significant difference was found between following groups, after Mann–Whitney U test with Bonferroni correction:
  5. aHealthy controls versus preclinical AD subjects: p = 0.03
  6. bHealthy controls versus AD patients: p < 0.001; preclinical AD subjects versus AD patients: p < 0.001
  7. cHealthy controls versus AD patients: p < 0.001; preclinical AD subjects versus AD patients: p = 0.003
  8. dHealthy controls versus AD patients: p < 0.001
  9. eHealthy controls versus AD patients: p = 0.006; preclinical AD subjects versus AD patients: p = 0.03
  10. fHealthy controls versus AD patients: p = 0.033
  11. gHealthy controls versus AD patients: p < 0.001; healthy controls versus preclinical AD subjects: p < 0.001
  12. hHealthy controls versus preclinical AD: p = 0.018
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Alzheimer's Research & Therapy

ISSN: 1758-9193