Table 4 Participant characteristics by class
From: Multimodal lifestyle engagement patterns support cognitive stability beyond neuropathological burden
| Â | Class 1Low Life Space (n = 138) | Class 2PA (n = 64) | Class 3Low Avg (n = 394) | Class 4Balanced (n = 1374) | Class 5Social (n = 89) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Baseline age | 84.81 (6.53) | 75.98 (7.61) | 82.34 (6.91) | 78.74 (7.47) | 78.70 (6.60) | < 0.001 |
 Education | 13.56 (3.36) | 14.22 (2.96) | 13.89 (3.16) | 15.33 (3.28) | 15.60 (2.95) | < 0.001 |
 Sex (female) | 107 (78%) | 52 (81%) | 311 (79%) | 1009 (73%) | 58 (65%) | 0.024 |
 Race/ethnicity |  |  |  |  |  | 0.224 |
  White | 134 (97%) | 55 (86%) | 364 (92%) | 1284 (93%) | 85 (96%) |  |
  Black/African American | 3 (2%) | 9 (14%) | 26 (6%) | 68 (5%) | 3 (3%) |  |
  Other | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (1%) | 22 (2%) | 1 (1%) |  |
Study characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Number of visits | 5.59 (3.84) | 8.28 (4.08) | 7.52 (4.40) | 7.01 (4.83) | 6.47 (4.99) | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle Characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Average physical activity z score | −0.77 (0.46) | 2.69 (0.88) | −0.33 (0.68) | 0.04 (0.66) | 0.09 (0.77) | < 0.001 |
 Average sleep quality z score | −0.26 (0.75) | 0.07 (0.52) | −0.30 (0.75) | 0.02 (0.73) | 0.18 (0.82) | < 0.001 |
 Average life space z score | −2.63 (0.63) | 0.27 (0.59) | −0.92 (0.48) | 0.47 (0.39) | 0.67 (0.31) | < 0.001 |
 Average cognitive activities z score | −0.80 (1.14) | 0.06 (0.81) | −0.59 (1.03) | 0.21 (0.87) | 0.52 (0.80) | < 0.001 |
 Average social activities z score | −1.18 (0.72) | 0.25 (0.84) | −0.80 (0.80) | 0.27 (0.84) | 1.11 (0.82) | < 0.001 |
 Average social network z score | −0.52 (0.75) | −0.04 (0.68) | −0.38 (0.69) | −0.03 (0.73) | 2.97 (1.30) | < 0.001 |
Cognitive characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Baseline global cognition | −0.36 (0.54) | 0.10 (0.59) | −0.17 (0.53) | 0.18 (0.52) | 0.25 (0.47) | < 0.001 |
 Baseline clinical diagnosis (normal) | 70 (51%) | 51 (80%) | 254 (65%) | 1060 (77%) | 75 (84%) | < 0.001 |
 Change in clinical diagnosis from baseline to last visit |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Normal to normal | 32 (23%) | 35 (55%) | 109 (28%) | 782 (57%) | 60 (67%) |  |
  Normal to MCI | 11 (8%) | 9 (14%) | 61 (16%) | 158 (12%) | 10 (11%) |  |
  Normal to dementia | 27 (20%) | 7 (11%) | 84 (21%) | 120 (9%) | 5 (6%) |  |
  MCI to normal | 3 (2%) | 4 (6%) | 19 (5%) | 84 (6%) | 2 (2%) |  |
  MCI to MCI | 29 (21%) | 3 (5%) | 51 (13%) | 150 (11%) | 10 (11%) |  |
  MCI to dementia | 36 (26%) | 6 (9%) | 70 (18%) | 80 (6%) | 2 (2%) |  |
Neuropathology (n = 791) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Alzheimer’s disease | 0.71 (0.63) | 0.94 (0.70) | 0.80 (0.62) | 0.66 (0.58) | 0.64 (0.57) | 0.029 |
 Cerebrovascular disease | 6.63 (3.26) | 3.76 (2.26) | 5.84 (2.91) | 5.10 (2.98) | 5.50 (2.31) | < 0.001 |
 Lewy body disease (present) | 18 (20%) | 5 (25%) | 48 (22%) | 100 (24%) | 5 (26%) | 0.951 |
 Hippocampal sclerosis/TDP-43 | 0.63 (0.66) | 0.65 (0.59) | 0.66 (0.67) | 0.57 (0.61) | 0.53 (0.51) | 0.545 |