Table 1 Criteria for inclusion

Inclusion criteria

 Phase II or phase III

 Placebo-controlled

 Conducted between 1995 and 2022

 Results available on ClinicalTrials.gov or in a peer-reviewed publication

 Include patients meeting MCI or mild-to-moderate AD criteria (early AD, mild AD dementia, and mild-to-moderate AD dementia trials)

Exclusion criteria

 Terminated before completion

 Primary outcome measures that could add heterogeneity to estimates (i.e., depression, sleep disturbance, agitation, psychosis, apathy)

 Primary outcome measure of time to conversion

 Randomized withdrawal trials

 Crossover design trials

 Trials enrolling participants with different types of dementia (i.e., mixed dementia, vascular dementia)

 Open-label trials

 Primary objective to assess the uptake, safety, reliability, or accuracy of positron emission tomography (PET) scans (or PET tracers)