Fig. 3

Sensitivity and stratified analyses: associations between serum immunoglobulins and plasma biomarkers of dementia. Associations are presented using z-scores (adjusted mean difference (β)/standard error (SE)) for 3455 study participants. Higher z-scores represent positive associations, whereas lower z-scores represent negative associations. Model II is displayed, which is adjusted for age, sex, study cohort, time difference, smoking status, alcohol consumption, educational attainment and APOE-ε4 carriership, while excluding the variable that was stratified on. Abbreviations: NfL = neurofilament light chain, t-tau = total tau, Aβ = amyloid beta. Stars denote suggestive associations: * = p < 0.05, ** = p < 0.01, *** = p < 0.001. A detailed overview of all models (I-III) can be found in Supplementary Tables 3, 5 and 7.