Table 1 Demographic characteristics in patients with Parkinson’s disease

Demographic characteristics

 Age at symptom onset, years

65.39 ± 8.96

66.60 ± 8.66

65.32 ± 9.24

0.516

 Female,

76 (55.07%)

51 (50.00%)

41 (50.62%)

0.693

 Years of education, years

9.22 ± 4.50

10.48 ± 4.88

8.67 ± 4.65

0.024^c

 Symptom duration, months

19.48 ± 17.70

15.88 ± 15.67

13.65 ± 13.04

0.027^b

 UPDRS-III

24.32 ± 10.66

22.05 ± 8.47

22.07 ± 8.65

0.111

 MMSE

26.57 ± 2.62

26.64 ± 2.65

26.36 ± 2.84

0.778

Vascular risk factors

 Hypertension

54 (39.13%)

47 (46.08%)

40 (49.38%)

0.292

 Diabetes mellitus

24 (17.39%)

20 (19.61%)

21 (25.93%)

0.310

TC levels

180.74 ± 38.72

184.52 ± 35.18

187.68 ± 37.06

0.398

Statin use

38 (27.54%)

31 (30.39%)

32 (39.51%)

0.176

WMHs burden

11.33 ± 8.75

9.89 ± 7.59

11.04 ± 7.31

0.374

Follow-up duration

5.29 ± 2.28

4.98 ± 2.38

5.77 ± 2.55

0.088

BMI

20.85 ± 1.49

23.91 ± 0.60

27.05 ± 1.71

 < 0.001^a,b,c

Neuropsychological test

 Attention/working memory

 − 0.14 ± 0.87

 − 0.13 ± 0.97

 − 0.28 ± 0.81

0.458

 Language

 − 0.41 ± 1.12

 − 0.24 ± 1.13

 − 0.35 ± 1.16

0.525

 Visuospatial

 − 0.31 ± 1.47

 − 0.70 ± 2.24

 − 0.39 ± 1.57

0.215

 Memory

 − 0.36 ± 0.86

 − 0.31 ± 0.89

 − 0.29 ± 0.72

0.783

 Frontal/executive

 − 0.33 ± 0.93

 − 0.25 ± 0.94

 − 0.46 ± 0.75

0.296

 CDR-SOB

1.16 ± 1.35

1.30 ± 1.61

1.22 ± 1.26

0.748

Baseline DAT availability

 Anterior caudate

2.06 ± 0.66

1.98 ± 0.68

2.15 ± 0.63

0.237

 Posterior caudate

1.42 ± 0.58

1.30 ± 0.55

1.40 ± 0.52

0.250

 Anterior putamen

2.21 ± 0.61

2.17 ± 0.60

2.29 ± 0.59

0.394

 Posterior putamen

1.40 ± 0.44

1.38 ± 0.41

1.40 ± 0.45

0.936

 Ventral putamen

1.46 ± 0.39

1.45 ± 0.40

1.50 ± 0.40

0.683

 Ventral striatum

2.02 ± 0.56

2.04 ± 0.58

2.12 ± 0.57

0.446