Table 3 Relationship between longitudinal GFAP levels and MRI regional volumes with 95% confidence interval, with no reference and cognitive measures. The table shows what a 1 unit/year increase in GFAP level is or is not associated with MRI volumes are in measured in mm³. For cognitive measures, scores are computed from raw score calculations using the data values of individual subtests and are simply the number of correct responses, incorrect responses, and reaction times. Reaction times are in milliseconds. Lower scores of verbal memory, processing speed and psychomotor speed indicate worse performance; for reaction time, higher scores are worse

Hippocampus (left)

 − 0.09 (− 0.31, 0.13)

 − 0.04 (− 0.34, 0.26)

 − 0.28 (− 0.49, − 0.08)^**

0.19 (− 0.37, 0.76)

Lateral ventricle

1.13 (0.43, 1.84)^**

1.27 (0.30, 2.24)^*

2.19 (1.53, 2.85)^***

1.73 (− 0.06, 3.52)

Inferior lateral ventricle

 − 0.01 (− 0.12, 0.11)

 − 0.01 (− 0.18, 0.15)

0.46 (0.35, 0.57)^***

 − 0.10 (− 0.40, 0.20)

Total gray

13.24 (− 3.96, 30.44)

12.65 (− 36.54, 11.25)

32.21 (− 48.20, − 16.22)^***

36.66 (− 81.66, 8.34)

Psychomotor speed

 − 0.008 (− 0.028, 0.012)

 − 0.018 (− 0.045, 0.010)

 − 0.020 (− 0.038, − 0.002)^***

0.114 (0.061, 0.167)

Reaction time

0.003 (− 0.111, 0.117)

 − 0.016 (− 0.173, 0.141)

0.200 (0.097, 0.303)^***

 − 0.052 (− 0.363, 0.259)

Verbal memory

0.001 (− 0.006, 0.008)

 − 0.011 (− 0.020, − 0.002)

 − 0.003 (− 0.009,- 0.003)^*

0.008 (− 0.010, 0.027)