Table 2 Baseline participant characteristics according to walking intensity and duration

n

63

68

57

75

50

Age, years

72.67 (5.23)

72.24 (5.64)

71.00 (4.34)

0.189^a

72.32 (5.39)

70.70 (4.52)

0.104^a

Female, no. (%)

45 (71.43)

56 (82.35)

32 (56.14)

0.060^b

57 (76.00)

31 (62.00)

0.237^b

Education, no. (%)

0.074^b

0.071^b

 ≥13 years

9 (14.29)

12 (17.65)

18 (31.58)

16 (21.33)

14 (28.00)

 10–12 years

14 (22.22)

17 (25.00)

19 (33.33)

20 (26.67)

16 (32.00)

 4–9 years

33 (52.38)

33 (48.53)

16 (28.07)

29 (38.67)

20 (40.00)

 0–3 years

7 (11.11)

6 (8.82)

4 (7.02)

10 (13.33)

0 (0.00)

MMSE

24.76 (3.80)

25.47 (3.64)

26.91 (2.19)

0.002^a

25.65 (3.43)

26.84 (2.50)

0.005^a

APOE4 positivity, No. (%)

13 (20.63)

16 (23.53)

8 (14.04)

0.402^b

17 (22.67)

7 (14.00)

0.477^b

Clinical diagnosis, CN, no. (%)

33 (52.38)

37 (54.41)

37 (64.91)

0.335^b

43 (57.33)

31(62.00)

0.588^b

Walking onset

< 0.001^b

< 0.001^b

 Midlife (40–64 years)

0 (0.00)

58 (85.29)

45 (78.95)

62 (82.67)

41 (82.00)

 Late life (≥65 years)

0 (0.00)

10 (14.71)

12 (21.05)

13 (17.33)

9 (18.00)

Annual income, no. (%)

0.111 ^b

0.289^b

 < MCL

9 (14.29)

11 (16.18)

3 (5.26)

11 (14.67)

3 (6.00)

 ≥ MCL, < 2×MCL

23 (36.51)

22 (32.35)

14 (24.56)

23 (30.67)

13 (26.00)

 ≥ 2×MCL

31 (49.21)

35 (51.47)

40 (70.18)

41 (54.67)

34 (68.00)

VRS, %

25.40 (17.67)

22.55 (17.70)

23.68 (20.64)

0.681^a

22.89 (17.28)

23.33 (21.56)

0.715^a

GDS, no. (%)

0.067^b

0.817^b

  Normal (< 9)

29 (36.51)

28 (41.18)

35 (61.40)

37 (49.33)

26 (52.00)

  Depressed (≥10)

34 (53.97)

40 (58.82)

22 (38.60)

38 (50.67)

24 (48.00)

UPDRS, gait score (>2)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

Body mass index

0.179^c

0.085^c

  Underweight (< 18.5)

0 (0.00)

3 (4.41)

1 (1.75)

4 (5.33)

0 (0.00)

  Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

2 (44.44)

39 (57.35)

28 (49.12)

39 (52.00)

28 (56.00)

  Overweight (≥ 25)

35(55.55)

26 (38.24)

28 (49.12)

32 (42.67)

22 (44.00)

Alcohol drink status, no (%)

0.832^b

0.336^b

  Never

35 (55.56)

41 (60.29)

29 (50.88)

46 (61.33)

24 (48.00)

  Former

12

10

10

13

7

  Drinker

16

17

18

16

19

PASE total score

70.73 (54.79)

61.44 (44.95)

64.76 (38.12)

0.518^a

61.43 (45.67)

65.24 (35.65)

0.507^a

 Hemoglobin

13.25 (1.60)

13.10 (1.58)

13.70 (1.31)

0.081^a

13.38 (1.53)

13.37 (1.52)

0.865^a

 Albumin

4.57 (0.26)

4.57 (0.24)

4.59 (0.29)

0.898^a

4.56 (0.24)

4.60 (0.29)

0.775^a

 Glucose, fasting

108.34 (17.76)

107.56 (21.24)

109.50 (22.04)

0.870^a

108.31 (22.37)

108.62 (20.47)

0.996^a

 HDL-cholesterol

53.58 (13.61)

55.59 (13.61)

55.43 (11.24)

0.629^a

55.20 (12.40)

55.98 (12.86)

0.598^a

 LDL-cholesterol

98.21 (34.64)

97.50 (34.01)

92.18 (31.45)

0.568^a

96.34 (33.49)

93.26 (32.13)

0.738^a

 Protein, no (%)

0.119^b

0.475^b

  High

6 (9.52)

6 (13.24)

13 (22.81)

10 (13.33)

9 (18.00)

  Moderate

23 (36.51)

28 (41.18)

22 (38.60)

28 (37.33)

22 (44.00)

  Low

34 (53.97)

34 (51.47)

22 (38.60)

37 (49.33)

19 (38.00)

 Fruit and Vegetables, no (%)

0.689^b

0.147^b

  High

43 (68.25)

44 (64.71)

41 (71.93)

46 (61.33)

39 (78.00)

  Low

20 (31.75)

24 (35.29)

16 (28.07)

29 (38.67)

11 (22.00)

Decrease in food intake over the past 3 months, No (%)

6 (9.52)

4 (5.88)

4 (7.02)

0.722^c

5 (6.67)

3 (6.00)

0.736^c

 Total score

65.21 (14.48)

68.38 (14.40)

78.88 (14.51)

< 0.001^a

71.29(15.85)

75.98 (14.17)

< 0.001^a

 Memory score

32.56 (9.62)

35.01 (9.77)

39.18 (7.00)

< 0.001^a

36.20 (9.72)

37.98 (7.25)

0.005^a

 Non-memory score

33.05 (6.56)

33.18 (6.33)

37.33 (6.22)

< 0.001^a

34.12 (6.99)

36.50 (5.73)

0.020^a